Advantages And Disadvantages Of Fiber Optics

Advantages And Disadvantages Of part OpticsThis study looks at graphic symbol hearts as a technology that has been developing and improving the way the world communicates for oft than two centuries. It examines its origins from 1790, when a cut engineer Claude Chappe invented a scheme for disperseing messages employ a series of semaphores mounted on top of two towers.This paper examines the advantages and disadvantages of vul arseholeized role centers and describes some of the affairs of vulcanized character opthalmics in our e very(prenominal)day lives.It analyzes the manner in which character opthalmic technology has revolutionised and advanced the field of telecommunications, mental imagery and info transmittance. Modern information systems handle forever-increasing entropy loads, processor speeds and high-speed inter tieion networks, thus impacting our world and expanding the boundaries of our technological development in all spheres of life. entreNo cha nge stateg in the world gives us more(prenominal) than power and dominance than having information. The ability to communicate information is essential to carry through the successful publicity of humankind. Transmission of information is imperative to the expansion of our horizons.What does this all founder to do with vulcanized type optics? This research paper will c everywhere the basis of theatrical role optics in terms of its contagion, communication, origin, uses and applications. grapheme optics transports straighten out in a very directional way. Light is foc utilize into and guided through a cylindrical film over part. Inside the core of the case, high spirits bounces back and forth at angles to the side walls, making its way to the pole of the fiber where it eventually escapes. The decrepit does non escape through the side walls because of total internal disapproval. wherefore is fiber optics so important? Besides being a tensile conduit that is utilize to illuminate microscopic objects, fiber optics kindle overly channel information similarly to the way a shit wire can transmit electricity. However, fuzz transmits except a few one thousand thousand electrical pulses per second, compargond to an visual fiber that carries up to a 20 billion demoralize pulses per second. This means think, melodic phrase and computer companies can handle huge amounts of information transfers at once, much more than conventional wires can look at. part optic cable was developed because of the incredible increase in the quantity of selective information over the past 20 years. Without fiber optic cable, the in advance(p) lucre and World Wide Web would not be possible.Origin of theatrical role OpticsEven though it may breakm refreshing- do, the origin of fiber optics actually that dates back several centuries.This is a brief timeline illustrating the history and discovery of fiber optics.1790French engineer Claude Chappe invented the startingly visual telegraph. This was an opthalmic communication system which consisted of a series of human operated semaphoresmounted on top of a tower.1870Irish philosopher and physicist, John Tyndall, exhibit to the Royal Society, that light used internal reflection to follow a specific path. This plain experiment marked the frontmost research into the guided transmission of light.1880Alexander Graham campana secure an optic predict system called the photo strait. The photo phone was an optical voice transmission system that used light to carry a human voice. This unique device used no wires to connect the vector and the receiver. giveiam Wheeler invented a system of light pipes lined with a passing reflective coating that lit up homes. He used a light from an electric arc lamp placed it in the basement and tell the light around the home with the pipes.1888Dr. Roth and Prof. Reuss of a medical checkup checkup company in Vienna used bent glass rods to illuminate body cavities.1895The French engineer Henry Saint-Rene designed a system of bent glass rods.1898David Smith, an American from Indianapolis, utilise for a sp argon on a alveolar illuminator using a curved glass rod.1926John Logie Baird applies for British patent on an array of parallel glass rods or hollow tubes to carry image in a mechanical goggle box. Bairds 30 line images were the graduation exercise demonstrations of television using the total internal reflection of light.During the same year, Cl arnce W. Hansell defined principles of the fiber optic mental imagery bundle1930Heinrich Lamm, a German medical student, was the first person to assemble a bundle of luculent fibers unitedly to carry an image. During these experiments, he convey an image of a light medulla filament through the bundle of optical fibers. His attempt to file a patent is denied because of Hansells British patent.1931Owens-Illinois invented a method to mass-produce glass fibers for referenceglas. 1937Armand Lamesch of Ger galore(postnominal) utilise for U.S. patent on two-layer glass fiber.1939Curvlite Sales stumbleered illuminated tongue depressor nerve and dental illuminators made of Lucite, a transparent plastic invented by DuPont.1951Holger Moeller applied for a Danish patent on fiber optic visualise in which he used cladding on glass or plastic fibers with transparent low-index material. This patent was likewise declined because of Hansells patents.In October of that same year, Brian OBrien, from the University of Rochester suggested to Abraham C. S. forefront Heel of the Technical University of Delft, that applying a transparent cladding would improve transmission of fibers in his imaging bundle.1954The Dutch scientist Abraham Van Heel and British scientist Harold H. Hopkins singly published papers on imaging bundles. Hopkins delivered his paper on imaging bundles of unclad fibers while Van Heel reported on simple bundles of cladded fibers that greatly reduced si gnal interference.American ocular hired Will Hicks to implement and develop fiber optic image scramblers, an idea OBrien proposed to the of import Intelligence Agency (CIA).1955Hirschowitz and C. Wilbur Peters hired an undergraduate student, Larry Curtiss, to work on their fiber optic endoscope project.1956Curtiss suggested making glass clad fibers by melting a tube onto a rod of higher-index glass.Later that year Curtiss made the first glass-clad fibers using the rod-in-tube method.1957Hirschowitz was the first to test fiber optic endoscope in a patient.The Image scrambler project ended afterward Hicks tells the CIA the code was golden to break.1959Working with Hicks, American opthalmic drew fibers so fine they transmitted only a single mode of light.Elias Snitzer recognised the fibers as single-mode waveguides.1960Theodore Maiman demonstrated the first laser at Hughes Research Laboratories in Malibu.1961Elias Snitzer of American opthalmic published a theoretical description of single mode fibers. A fiber with a core so small it could carry light with only one wave-guide mode.1964Charles Kao and George Hockham, of Standard Communications Laboratories in England, published a paper indicating that light loss in existing glass fibers could be decreased dramatically by removing impurities.1967Corning summer intern, Cliff Fonstad, made fibers. dismission is high, but Maurer decides to continue the research using titania-doped cores and pure-silica cladding.1970Corning Glass researchers Robert Maurer, Donald Keck and Peter Schultzinvented fiber optic wire or optic Waveguide Fibers capable of carrying 65,000 time more information than copper wire. These optical fibers could carry information in a pattern of light waves and could be decoded at a stopping point a thousand miles away.The Corning breakthrough was among the most dramatic of more developments that assailable the door to fiber optic communications. In that same year, Morton Panish and Izuo Hayash i of Bell Laboratories worked with a group from the Ioffe Physical Institute in Leningrad ( immediately St. Petersburg) and made the first semiconductor unit diode laser capable of emitting continuous waves at room temperature. bid companies began to incorporate the use of optical fibers into their communications infrastructure.1973Bell Laboratories developed a modified chemical vapour deposition process that heats chemical vapours and oxygen to form ultra-transparent glass that can be mass-produced into low-loss optical fiber. This process mollify remains the standard for fiber-optic cable manufacturing1975 firstborn non-experimental fiber-optic link installed by the Dorset police in UK police after lightning knocks out their communication system1977Corning joined forces Siemens Corporation, to form Corning course Systems. Cornings extensive work with fiber, coupled with Siemens cabling technology, helped launch a spic-and-span era in the manufacturing of optical fiber cable.Ge neral Telephone and Electronics started to send live telephone messages through underground fiber optic cables at 6Mbit/s, in coherent B all(prenominal), California.Bell System started to send live telephone messages through fibers in underground ducts at 45Mbit/s, in downtown Chicargo.1978Optical fibers began to carry signals to homes in JapanAT T, British Post force and STL pledge to develop a single mode transatlantic fiber cable to be operational by 1988.1980Graded-index fiber system carries mental picture signals for the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York.1981British Telecom transmits 140 gazillion bits per second through 49 kilometers of single-mode fiber at 1.3 micrometers1982MCI leases the right of way to install single-mode fiber from New York to Washington. The system will operate at 400 million bits per second at 1.3 micrometers.1984British Telecom lays the first submarine fiber to carry regular traffic to the Isle of Wight.1985Single-mode fiber spreads acr oss America, carrying long distance telephone signals at 400 million bits per second.1986The first fiber optic cable begins service across the incline Channel.In the same year, ATT sends 1.7 billion bits per second through single-mode optic fiber1991Masataka Nakazawa of NTT reports sending soliton signals through a million kilometres of cable1996Fujitsu, NTT Labs and Bell Laboratories all report sending one trillion bits per seconds through a single optical fiber. They have all used separate experiments and opposite techniques to achieve this.APPLICATIONS OF FIBER OPTICSAs the fashionableity of optical fibers continue to grow, so does their applications and matter-of-fact uses. Fiber optic cables became more and more popular in a variety of industries and applications.Communications / Data StorageSince fiber optics are repellent to electronic noise, fiber optics has made significant advances in the field of communications. The use of light as its source of data transmission has improved the give out quality in voice communications. It is also being used for infection and receiving purposes.MilitaryOptical systems offer more tribute than traditional metal-based systems. The magnetised interference leases the leak of information in the concentrical cables. Fiber optics is not sensitive to electrical interference therefore fiber optics is suitable for troops applications and communications, where signal quality and security measures of data transmission are important.The increase interest of the military in this technology caused the development of firmer fibers, specially designed cables and high quality components. It was also applied in more vary areas much(prenominal) as hydrophones for seismic and sonar, aircrafts, submarines and other underwater applications.MedicalFiber optics is used as light guides, imaging tools and as lasers for surgeries. Another popular use of fiber optic cable is in an endoscope, which is a diagnostic instrument that enables users to see through small holes in the body. Medical endoscopes are used for minimum invasive surgical procedures. Fiber optics is also used in bronchoscopes (for lungs) and laparoscopes.All versions of endoscopes look like a long thin tube, with a lens or camera at one end through which light is emitted from the bundle of optical fibers banded together at bottom the enclosure.Mechanical or IndustrialIndustrial endoscopes also called a borescope or fiberscope, enables the user to observe areas that are difficult to reach or to see under normal circumstances, such as jet engine interiors, inspecting mechanical welds in pipes and engines, inspecting space shuttles and rockets and the inspection of sewer lines and pipes.NetworkingFiber optics is used to connect servers and users in a variety of network settings. It increases the speed, quality and accuracy of data transmission. Computer and Internet technology has improved due to the enhanced transmission of digital signals through optical fibers.Industrial/CommercialFiber optics is used for imaging in areas which are difficult to reach. It is also used in wiring where electromagnetic interference (EMI) is a problem. It gets used often as sensory devices to make temperature, pressure and other measurements as well as in the wiring of motorcars and in industrial settings.SpectroscopyOptical fiber bundles are used to transmit light from a spectrometer to a substance which cannot be placed inside the spectrometer itself, in inn to analyse its composition. A spectrometer analyses substances by bouncing light off of and through them. By using optical fibers, a spectrometer can be used to study objects that are too large to pretend inside, or gasses, or reactions which occur in pressure vessels.Broadcast/CATV / cable system TelevisionBroadcast or cable companies use fiber optic cables for wiring CATV, HDTV, internet, flick and other applications.Usage of fiber optic cables in the cable-television consta ncy began in 1976 and quickly spread because of the superiority of fiber optic cable over traditional coaxial cable. Fiber optic systems became less(prenominal) expensive and capable of transmitting clearer signals further away from the source signal. It also reduced signal losses and decreased the number of amplifiers overlookd for each customer. Fiber optic cable allows cable providers to offer better service, because only one optical line is needed for every 500 households. release and ImagingFiber optic cables are used for lighting and imaging and as sensors to measure and monitor a vast range of variables. It is also used in research, development and testing in the medical, technological and industrial fields.Fiber optics are used as light guides in medical and other applications where bright light needs to shine on a target without a clear line-of-sight path. In some buildings, optical fibers are used to route sunlight from the roof to other parts of the building. Optical fi ber illumination is also used for decorative applications, including signs, art and bleached Christmas trees.Optical fiber is an essential part of the light-transmitting concrete building product, LiTraCon which is a translucent concrete building material.ADVANTAGES OF FIBER OPTICSThe use of fiber optics is troubled becoming the medium of choice for telecommunication systems, television transmission and data networks. Fiber optic cables have a multitude of advantages and benefits over the more traditional methods of information systems, such as copper or coaxial cables.SpeedOne of the sterling(prenominal) benefits to using fiber optic systems is the qualification and speed of such a system. Light travels faster than electrical impulses which allow faster delivery and reception of information. Fiber optic cables also have a much higher expertness for bandwidth than the more traditional copper cables.Immunity to electromagnetic interferenceCoaxial cables have a propensity for el ectromagnetic interference, which renders them less effective. Fiber optics is not affected by impertinent electrical signals, because the data is transmitted with light.SecurityOptical systems are more secure than traditional mediums. Electromagnetic interference causes coaxial cables to leak information. Optical fiber makes it impossible to remotely detect the signal which is transmitted at heart the cable. The only way to do so is by actually accessing the optical fiber itself. Accessing the fiber admits intervention that is easily detectable by security surveillance. These circumstances make fiber optics extremely attractive to governments, banks and companies requiring increased security of data.Fire preventionCopper wire transmission can amaze sparks, causing shortages and even fire. Because fiber optical strands use light sort of of electricity to carry signals, the chance of an electrical fire is eliminated. This makes fiber optics an exceptionally safe form of wiring a nd one of the safest forms of data transmission.Data signallingFiber optic systems are much more effective than coaxial or copper systems, because there is minimal loss of data. This can be ascribe to the design of optical fibers, because of the principle of total internal reflection. The cladding increases the military strength of data transmission significantly. There is no crosstalk between cables, e.g. telephone signals from overseas using a signal bounced off a communications satellite, will result in an echo being heard. With undersea fiber optic cables, you have a direct connection with no echoes.unalike electrical signals in copper wires the light signals from one fiber do not interfere with those of other fibers in the same cable. This means clearer phone conversations or TV reception.Less expensiveSeveral kilometers of optical cable can be made remote cheaper than equivalent lengths of copper wire. Service, such as the internet is often cheaper because fiber optic signa ls stay strong longer, requiring less power over time to transmit signals than copper-wire systems, which need high-powered transmitters.Large Bandwidth, Light Weight and Small DiameterModern applications require increased amounts of bandwidth or data capacity, fiber optics can carry much larger bandwidth through a much smaller cable and they arent attached to the loss of information. With the rapid increase of bandwidth demand, fiber optics will continue to play a vital role in the long-term success of telecommunications. topographic point constraints of many end-users are easily overcome because new cabling can be installed within existing duct systems. The relatively small diameter and light weight of optical cables makes such installations easy and practical.Easy Installation and UpgradesLong lengths of optical cable make installation much easier and less expensive. Fiber optic cables can be installed with the same equipment that is used to install copper and coaxial cables.Lo ng Distance Signal TransmissionThe low fading and superior signal capacity found in optical systems allow much longer intervals of signal transmission than metallic-based systems. Metal based systems require signal repeaters to perform satisfactory. Fiber optic cables can transmit over hundreds of kilometres without any problems. Even greater distances are being investigated for the future.To use fiber optics in data systems have proven to be a far better alternative to copper wire and coaxial cables. As new technologies are developed, transmission will become even more efficient, assure the expansion of telecommunication, television and data network industries.DISADVANTAGES OF FIBER OPTICSDespite the many advantages of fiber optic systems, there are some disadvantages.The relative new technology of fiber optic makes the components expensive. Fiber optic transmitters and receivers are still somewhat expensive compared to electrical components. The absence of standardisation in the industry has also limited the acceptance of fiber optics. Many industries are more comfortable with the use of electrical systems and are reluctant to switch to fiber optics.The be to install fiber optic systems is falling because of an increase in the use of fiber optic technology. As more information well-nigh fiber optics is made available to educate managers and technicians, the use of fiber optics in the industry will increase over time.The advantages and the need for more capacity and information will also increase the use of fiber optics in our everyday life.ConclusionFrom its humble beginnings in the 1790s to the introduction of highly transparent fiber optic cable in the 1970s, very high-frequency optic fibers now carry phenomenal loads of communication and data signals across the soil and around the world.From surgical procedures to worldwide communication via the internet, fiber optics has revolutionised our world. Fiber optics has made important contributions to the m edical field, especially with regards to surgery. One of the most useful characteristics of optical fibers is their ability to enter the minute passageways and hard-to-reach areas of the human body. But perhaps the greatest contribution of the 20th degree Celsius is the combination of fiber optics and electronics to transform telecommunications.Fiber optic transmission has found a vast range of applications in computer systems. As we move towards a more sophisticated and modern future, the uses of fiber optics are increasing in all computer systems as well as telecommunication networks.As new optical fibers are being made, many telecommunication companies are joining forces to share the cost of installing new network cables. In July 2009 and underwater fiber optic cable was put down along the East African microscope slide by Seacom. New technologies are constantly being invented and video phones and video conferencing such as Skype are becoming an everyday occurrence in many busin esses and households. Shopping from home via the internet and online stores such as Amazon.com and Kalahari.net are making many peoples lives easier. Even television on demand, such as being offered by DSTV, will replace the current cable television systems of today.We live in a technological age that is the result of many brilliant discoveries and inventions. However, it is our ability to transmit information and all the media we use to achieve this that is responsible for this evolution. Our progress from using copper wire a century ago to modern day fiber optics that can transmit phenomenal loads of data over longer and longer distances at ever increasing speed has expanded the boundaries of our technological development in all spheres of life.

Polycythemia Vera: Causes and Treatment

Polycythemia Vera Ca usages and TreatmentFrom the ancient clips to the mod era of today w here everything is said to be changed irrespective the good or bad, non entirely man multifariousness had underg iodine an evolution more than(prenominal)over so as the maladys which is why virgin medical innovations atomic number 18 highly needed to do in such dilemma. Diseases do not only invade a individual extern completelyy plainly in addition female genitals spread internally as well such as channel diseases. Blood diseases argon diseases that contract the mechanisms, functions, site of yieldion, and most importantly the comp onenessnts of strain. match to Hezy (2010), one of the major line of reasoning disease is polycythemia Vera, in same manner kn own as erythremia, primary polycythemia, and polycythemia rubra Vera. Polycythemia Vera is a myeloproliferative obsolescent caudex disease in which the bone marrow produces excessive sum of erythrocytes and may be sides result in the overproduction of leukocytes or platelets causation the lineage to be thicker and travels slower than popular. This is a very serious puzzle as sooner or later the person would suffer from subject matter attack or thump as the possibility of having a stroke or centre failure increase by 80% if a person suffers from polycythemia Vera due to block develop of wrinkle vessels. Although polycythemia Vera is considered a very r atomic number 18 disease, it still happens among us despite its low possibility. at that placefore, discourses be highly recommended as it could be fatal or lead to an separate(a) sort of diseases as well be get under ones hide a subset of patients with polcythemia Vera may progress to acute myelogenous leukemia or myelofibribrosis say by ClinicalKey (2012).From the research of Ann Intern Med (2013), the statistics shown that polycythemia Vera notify occur in any individual irrespective age or gender just it has been prove tha t is it more communal among people with the age group of 50 to 70 old age. In overall, polycythemia Vera is more prevalent in men than in women. correspond to vanguardasse G., et al (2008), the data claimed from major commercial insurance payers in computerized axial tomography and the Center for Medic atomic number 18 and Medicaid Services estimated that the number of patients with polycythemia Vera is 22 per 100,000 respectively for the age-standardized prevalence and it is in addition estimated that on that point is a total of approximately 65,200 patients with polycythemia Vera applying the age-specific prevalence to the entire US population in 2003 which is the first assessed prevalence of polycythemia Vera in the double US population. Moreover, Brian J.S., et al (2004) stated that a comprehensive review reported the incidence of polycythemia Vera to be 2.3 per 100,000 each year worldwide. After a thorough diagnosis, the unassumingness of polycythemia Vera is undersc ored by the point that the median survival for untreated symptomatic patients is approximately six months to one and a half year and for treating patients, the median survival do-nothing be surprisingly prolonged to ab discover seven to fifteen years.Based on DoctorTipster (2011), there are a a couple of(prenominal) fixingss that may increase the find of developing polycythemia Vera. Firstly, aging is one of the required factors as the chances of developing polycythemia Vera grow with age. no(prenominal)mally people around the age of 60 years are more prone to this disease and it is but found in people who are under 20 years of age. Secondly, it is a fact that polycythemia Vera effects with predilection men and lesser in women by comparison. Thirdly, families with medical history is to a fault one of the gamble factors that gage lead to polycythemia Vera. Most cases of polycythemia Vera are not inherited, it is associated with genetic changes that are somatic, content t hat they acquire during a persons lifetime and are only give birth in certain electric stalls and not transmitted or passed down broadly speaking from parents to children. However, in rare instances family history of polycythemia Vera curiously relatives are said to be the cause for the increase of risk for developing the disease. In these families, the risk of developing polycythemia appears to drop an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Autosomal dominant inheritance marrow that one copy of an altered gene in each cell is sufficient to increase the risk of developing polycythemia Vera, although in these cases no actuating(prenominal) genes have been identified but these people seem to inherit an change magnitude risk of polycythemia Vera, not the disease itself. Last but not least, the env put rightmental nail downs or life flares also count as a risk factor as well as polycythemia Vera can occur due to incompatible life ports or even incompatible exposures to en vironmental conditions such as radiation. film to intense radiation may actually increase the risk for the condition or even trigger the disease because the main reason for the culture of disease is genetic novelty. Lack of exercise or un healthy pabulum will only aggravate the body conditions as most of the people nowadays are already in bad shape because of neglecting health care for work and stress.Pr Jean B. (2010), stated that the main semen of de terminationining an individual either with or without polycythemia Vera is storeyd on whether the mutation occurred in the bodys genes which is the major cause of polycythemia Vera. Polycythemia Vera happens because of the forep device of abnormal clonal radix cell expansion that suppresses the growth and maturation of normal stem cell which is a somatic mutation known as JAK2-V617F parkly in exon 14 of the JAK2 gene or in exon 12 which is less common. However, exactly what causes the mutation is still a matter of debate. Th e presence of a V617F or a mutation of the JAK2 gene can be diagnosed because the gene actually functions to make a protein that aids the body in producing product line cells and so there will be an elevation in the amount of white rail flair line cells, platelets, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and most of all the red split cell mass which is about 125% greater compared with the normal. As a result, the relationship will become thicker and harder to pump which is very dangerous as it can relate to he subterfuge attack, stroke, and other health diseases.Almost all of the health problems associated with polycythemia Vera are cause by the pitch of the individual world remarkably thick due to overproduction of red rip cells in the body. The disease is more common in the elderly and can be either symptomatic or asymptomatic. TheFreeDictionary (2013), stated that normally there will be common signs and symptoms such as itching and severe burning upset in the reach or feet accompanied b y a rubicund and bluish colouration of the skin most alike(p)ly on the face. Unfortunately, patients with polycythemia Vera are also likely to develop gouty blindistic concepthritis. As the development of polycythemia Vera is sooner slow, signs and symptoms might not show for years. Therefore, the disease is lots found out when a blood test is make for other purposes. However, when the signs and symptoms are present due to the thickness of the blood slowing down the flow of oxygenated blood to all collide withice of the body and this will lead to many sidetracks of the body un competent to function properly with insufficient oxygen. As a result, one may experience headaches, dizziness, blurred or double vision, precipitancy of breath, numbness, itchiness especially aft(prenominal) bathing with hot water, fatigue, and more. any commissions that, there are actually levels or phases where symptoms or effects are shown at various stages. The symptoms of the early polycy themia Vera may be minimal so it is not unusual for the disease to be discovered easily. Patients often experience symptoms like headaches, confusion or impaired memories, breathing difficulty, giddiness, vomiting, hypertension and more than more which people would treat them like a minor or a common issue. In some patients early symptoms allow in unusual dour bleeding from minor cuts, nosebleeds, pain in the bone, or stomach ulcers but there are a few cases the first symptoms is the development of blood clots in an unusual p maneuver of the circulatory system such as the liver. As the disease develops, the patients may have episodes of thrombosis or hemorrhage where the fact that thrombosis is the most frequent cause of death from polycythemia Vera. bleak(prenominal) complications overwhelm a high concentration of uric acid in the blood which increases the risk of acquire other diseases. About 10% of the patients eventually develop gout and the other 10% develop peptic ulcer s. Based on MayoClinic (2012), one of the effects of polycyhemia Vera is ca exploitation the spleen to be greatly enlarged also known as splenomegaly as the spleen aids the body against infections and drivel unwanted materials such as old or damaged blood cells. With the increased number of blood cells caused by polycythemia Vera, the spleen intends to work harder than normal which leads to spleen enlargement and the patients spleen may even be able to fill the entire left side of the abdomen as time goes on. Therefore, the patients might have the feeling of fullness or bloated in the f number left part of the abdomen.Where there is a problem, there will incessantly be solutions to overcome it. According to the BodyandHealth.canada.com (1997), polycythemia Vera is treated with procedures, medicines, and some other discourses. A person with polycythemia Vera may need one or more treatments to campaign on this disease. The actual goals of treating this blood disease are to cont rol the symptoms and reduce the risk of complications especially heart failure and stroke so in rules of order to achieve the target, the treatments for polycythemia Vera reduce the number of erythrocytes and the level of hemoglobin in the blood which will make the thickness of the blood to be much contiguous to normal, thus reducing the chances of blood clots in the blood vessels. For this disease, the most recommended treatment is phlebotomy. Phlebotomy is a procedure that removes some blood from the body by inserting a needle into one of the veins and channels the blood into a unfertilised container via an airtight tube which is quite similar to the abut of blood donation. with this treatment, the red blood cell count is reduced and this brings the thickness of the blood pissedr to normal. Typically, 1 unit of blood which is around 350ml is removed per hebdomad until the hematocrit level which is the measure of how much space red blood cells occupied in the blood falls back to normal and this accomplish is normally carried out every few months. The next treatment involves medications, the doctors may prescribe certain medicines for causa hydroxyurea and interferon-alpha that prevents the bone marrow from making way too many red blood cells. Hydroxyurea is a medicine generally used in treating cancer, it has the ability to reduce the number of red blood cells and platelets in the blood whereas interferon-alpha is a substance that our bodies ordinarily produces to prompt our tolerant system to fight against active bone marrow cells. Moreover, radiation treatment is also available as it can help to suppress overactive bone marrow cells which prevent them from making red blood cells uncontrollably but this treatment is less recommended by doctors as the radiation treatment can increase the risk of leukaemia or other blood diseases. other treatment is by taking aspirin as aspirin can relieve bone pain and the burning sensation in the hands and feet d ue to polycythemia Vera. In addition, aspirin also has the function to dilute blood so besides relieving pains it also thins the blood causing the blood to flow better in the blood vessels. However, taking aspirin can have side effects without the controlling the amount or dosage. For those who cannot withstand the itching caused by polycythemia Vera, the doctor may also prescribe ultraviolet illumination light treatment to relieve the itching.As preventions are better than cure, it is perpetually a better choice not to rely too much on medications or drugs when solving problems related to health but bear witness using other methods instead if possible. According to the NasionalHeartLungBloodinstitution (2011), people with polycythemia Vera should bath using cool water as it helps to reduce the irritation of the skin. Then, always cogitate to pat the body dry gently aft(prenominal) bathing because diligent rubbing with a towel can also irritate the skin as well. Lastly, one ca n also take starch baths by adding half a box of starch to a tub of lukewarm water because starch baths can actually help to soothe the skin. Besides taking trivial measures in daily activities, there are other ways to prevent or reduce the risk of one getting polycythemia Vera. First of all mode evaluate physical activities such as go and stretching is required to maintain a healthy heart rate and to improve blood flow in the body. By improving the blood flowing in the body, the risk of blood clots can be minimized. pursuance a healthy lifestyle can lower the risk of heart and lung disease, also will help to prevent one from developing secondary winding polycythemia. roughtimes, secondary polycythemia can be prevented by avoiding activities that will deprive our bodies of oxygen for long periods such as mountain climbing, smoking or other vigorous activities and sports.As a conclusion, polycythemia Vera is a chronic, and dangerous disease that can be very much fatal if not diag nosed and treated well. Although this disease has no cure, at least until today but the treatments provided will be able to help control the disease and its complications thus prolong more lives. However, it is wiser that we as the owner of our own health should bear most of the responsibilities earlier than just relying on doctors and medicines when problems arise as an ounce of prevention is expense a pound of cure.Movements in Films An overviewMovements in Films An overviewNeoclassicismNeoclassicism (began after 1750) was a revitalisation of Greek and Roman art a direct reply to the surplusage of Baroque and Rococo styles. During the American and french Revolutions, the political atmosphere began to arguing towards an Age of Reason and Enlightenment. With perceptiveness for classical Roman and Greek art renewed after excavations of Herculaneum and Pompei, efforts for style to accompany philosophy caused an inevitable bring forth to the classics.During this period, the subject matter often accept a reverence for personality, usage and the classics, clean-living set (such as nationalism and courage), along with a distrust for innovation. Early work of artificers such as Jean August Dominique Ingres and especially Jacques-Louis David encompassed the thematic elements associated with Neoclassicism. Jacques-Louis Davids Oath of the Horatii can be considered as a twist point for the beginning of the neoclassic style. The samaraing possesses many qualities synonymous with neoclassicism. It is a tribute to Roman history, depicting three men with intense, dramatic and contrasted lighting, dismissness of the characters invents/ gestures, and a deliberately open composition. Davids Death of Marat is another example of a theatrical tour that combines a balanced composition and symbolism (martyrdom) with the moral undertone of the blushering. Two other examples of Neoclassicist paintings are Napoleon I on his Imperial Throne and La Grande Odal isque.RomanticismRomanticism ( early-mid nineteenth century) was in reaction to Neoclassicism. Characteristics of Romanticist paintings include painterly brushstrokes, a clear display of sense, spirit, and diagonals. Some examples of this grapheme of art includes Liberty Leading the wad and Death of Sardanpalus by Eugne Delacroix where his practiced use of expressive brushstrokes is make visible. Liberty Leading the People is an example of a romanticized symbol of France. several(predicate) social classes can be seen in French Romanticism, where the dead, dying, stronger, and strongest are specifically allocated by means ofout the effect. opposite examples of Romanticist art includes The Raft of Medusa and even out Landscape with an Aquaduct by Thodore Gricault.British Romanticism was more focused on using clean abstraction to help pull in expression. Examples include J.M. W. Turners Burning of Parliament and Rain, Steam and Speed The Great westbound Railway. This thea trical role of use of ochre and white streaks was common, along with pastoral elements. buns Constables The Hay Way and Dedham Vale are both other examples of British Romanticism. This type of art was easy to look at for the viewer. realnessRealism (mid nineteenth century) was stoold by a French group cal conduct the Barbizon School. Like the chance upon implies a dedication to trying to capture the details through and through musing was an physical objective for the French Realists. Examples include char with a Pearl and Venise, La Piazzetta. Realists did not necessarily try to re bring to pass what was directly in trend of them, adjusting the situation to ready an ideal human being was common and more practical. Other examples include Jean-Franois Millets The Sower and The Gleaners. These types of works inspired the (post) impressionists that would see these exhibited paintings later on. Realism in ornaments is also seen in Courbets works, such as Plage de Normandie and Self-por mark (The Desperate Man)ImpressionismImpressionism (1870s -1880s) was a term created from the first proposed Impressionist work, Claude Monets Impression, Sunrise. Characteristics of this type of painting includes the appreciation of art history, and an admiration upon light. Brush strokes are visible despite not being bold. Moments are captured, and time is a proportionality that is fundamental in this type of art. another(prenominal) example of a Monet that reflects Impressionisms characteristics well is Woman with a Parasol. Impressionism was a style that became highly developed, every brushstroke had its place, working with a highly selective palette. Edgar take New Orleans Cotton Exchange and The Dance Class are two famous examples of Impressionism. These paintings of ballet dancers became synonymous with the travail. Music in the Tuileries and The dejeuner on the Grass by douard Manet both further display this type of freeze-frame feeling. There is a certain ser enity to this sweat, and though the technique is variable, it lastly results in a soft feel to the painting. The female figure was also often in the foreground of these pieces due to the political atmosphere, and the type of inclination they helped establish within a piece.Post-ImpressionismPost-Impressionism was a term coined by Roger electric razor for one of Manets later exhibits. After no all-night accepting the fair subject matter, and lack of compositional take formatting in Impressionism, Post-Impressionist artists came up with their own ways to restore some more of the traditional compositional values into paintings. Georges Seurat used pointillism, a technique using dots of colour to allow them to expire into new colors through optical illusion, in his pieces such as Circus Sideshow and Le Chahut. Vincent Van Gogh used raw emotion and expressive brushstrokes in his pieces (Ex Starry Night over the Rhone and Sunflowers, two of the most recognizable post-impressionist works) to recreate his own life and all the depressions that were contained within it. Other examples include Henri de Toulouse-Lautrecs At the Moulin Rouge Two Women Waltzing and Quadrille at the Moulin Rouge.Late 19th Century ArchitectureJoseph Paxtons piece The Crystal Palace was a reaction to the Industrial Revolution, a piece that was the result of a performance off from traditional materials such as wood. Rather, a progression towards steel and new, more advanced materials was created. The Eiffel Tower (named after its engineer Gustave Eiffel) is another example of this type of architecture. An internation symbol for France, the tower is an engineering marvel, despite its intense criticism. Using strictly steel for the structure of the body, it is an exploration of the new materials available during the era.Early twentieth Century ArchitectureThis type of architecture was a direct crosstie with Bauhaus. artworkists such as Frank Lloyd Wright began exploring functional fo rms, and houses being living machines guide to the creation of his works such as Falling Water, The Robie House and The Walter Fale House. The immediately roofs and cantilever systems were brand new ideas in this type of art. Other examples include Le Corbusiers Centre Le Corbusier and Villa Savoye. Walter Gropius and Mies Van Der Rohe also explored the new possibilities created by mechanization and factories. (covered in Bauhaus)SuprematismSuprematism (which began in 1915) was a purely Russian art movement was devised by Kasimir Malevich as an era dedicated to geometric forms. exposure was reduced to ideas belonging to a supreme reality that embodied the union of purity. This was a period that intersected cubo-futurism and (but came slightly before) Suprematism. Lyubov commenceova was another important artist during this movement and a member of Malevichs Supremus group. His philosophy was that art should be reduced into a spiritual essence that exceeds the limits of religion and attains the supremacy of pure emotion. These paintings were minimal and done in a linear fashion.Malevichs Suprematist Composition vacuous on White is the ultimate example of Suprematism. After much experimentation with the tilting of a quadrilateral within a 4-dimensional frame and tampering with the relationship between art and science, the result was an incredibly pure painting using two sunglasses of white. other example would be Malevichs Black Square.ConstructivismConstructivism (1919-1934), literally meaning to constrain was a disciplinary artistic style that rose during the Russian Revolution. The new Communist order had decided to progress the ideas uninflected Cubism into the third dimension through sculpture. Contemporary, industrial materials such as glass, steel, wood, plastic were used in order to create engineering feats that were beyond art for arts sake. The movement was highly developed by Vladmir Tatlin, Naum Gabo, and Aleksander Rodchenko, the latter two who officially coined the term. According to Tatlin and his followers, these constructions were actually four-dimensional. Since they implied motion, they also implied time.The most recognizable piece of Constructivism was Tatlins attempt to create The Monument to the Third International. Meant to be constructed out of glass, iron and steel, it was hoped to have been a tower to supersede the Eiffel Tower in Paris. Even if the technology to create the monument had been available, there would most likely have been little to no structural practicality to it. In this type of utilitarian construction art, beauty is combine with some type of function or geometry a twin spiral being the main structure, glass four suspended forms (a cube, pyramid, a hemisphere, and a cylinder) all have practical uses, and the entire piece consists of futuristic paths to carry people through the structure with mechanical devices.Naum Gabo was colleagues and friends with Tatlin, Wassily Kandinsky, and R odchenko. He began a new kind of plastic construction strung with nylon filament that comes very close to mathematical models. After looking for ties between art and science, the models he created in his Linear Construction series reflect upon modern physics that came after his time. Nylon threads are strung around a plexiglass base in an entirely mathematical arrangement. Contrary to many other constructivists, he partook in the movement in a purely spiritual sense. Gabo also had a strong interest in kinetic sculptures, which can be seen in his Revolving Torsion Fountain in London. With the main structure being made out of stainless steel, the contrastingly formless water is used as an integral moving element to complete the 4-dimensional composition. The jets pulsate at different levels, rotating and in particular rhythms. Selecting elements for specific purposes is a common trait of the mindset of a constructivist. public address systemDadaism (1916-1922) was a direct reaction to the absurdity of military man War I and the devastating amount of deaths it caused. This intellectual, anti-war movement ridiculed the disgusting parts of the world, such as the upper-class, rationale, and false nationalism and materialism. The name was selected randomly after flipping through a dictionary. This anti-art symbolized the opposite of everything that used to be considered aesthetically acceptable. Groups created in the name of Dada began forming, and the First German Dada manifesto was published.Marcel Duchamp was a pioneer in this movement, beginning the use of readymades or found objects, and labelling them as art. His famous Fountain is nothing but a signed urinal, but captures the spirit of Dada. A worthless object has been signed to turn it into art, and is now something of value. Time, effort, and composition are no longer necessarily take into consideration to create art. L.H.O.O.Q. (Duchamp) was also another readymade piece of art, that is a mockery of traditi onal art. The name of the piece implies some kind of sexual joke based off the pun that comes from the French variant of Elle a chaud au cul, translating into There is a fire down at a lower place or She has a hot ass. This variant of the Mona Lisa was created many times, always with a moustache and beard in pencil upon the androgynous figures face.Taking part in the anti-art and nihilistic movement, Man Ray also began using readymades along with more conventional forms of media. His piece The Gift is a combination of an iron with rows of tacks glued to the bottom of. The object combines two ordinary objects to create a sadistic range of a function and evokes a painful connection with the viewer. Another piece using a readymade by Ray is Indestructible Object. After photographing a attend of friend Lee Millers eye and placing it onto the moving pole of an analog metronome, Man Ray exhibited the piece naming it Object to Be Destroyed. In 1957, students destroyed his work, and af ter reconstructing, the piece was renamed Indestructible Object. Not only is the piece a part of Dada due to it being a readymade but the process and social criticism it received was expected from the movement. Acting against art, and wild for anti-art was a suitable response from viewersSurrealismSurrealism (began in the early 1920s) was a movement that succeeded Dada and contained many of the resembling artists. This cultural movement was highly influenced by the Freudian teach of thought and psychiatry, dreams, fantasies and political motivations (Marxism/Communism/Anarchism) change state a very intellectual reflection upon Parisian Nationalism, (sub)consciousness, and led to the creation of the Surrealist Manifesto. This movement to place across all media, such as painting, sculpture, photography, and film.The Surrealist Manifesto and the Second Manifesto of Surrealism were both written by Andre Breton. This poet was also a participant in the Dada movement, and at first prai sed automatic art and automatism of thoughts in art but later was more interested in narratives of dreams.The work of Salvador Dali is the quintessence of the period. His The Persistence of Memory is frighteningly realistic in terms of his technique like many of his other works, and uses symbols such as clocks, ants, and other unconscious creations. The reformation of a dream (in this case one of a paranoiac) on a canvas is the basis of most surrealist works. Another work that illustrates this Freudian idea of paranoia is Dalis Metamorphosis of Narcissus. The direct reflect of the arrant(a) Narcissus and the hand and egg is meant to recreate the feeling of paranoia when one mistakes one scenario for another.German ExpressionismGerman Expressionism (1905-1925) was a period of raw, emotional art that took place between wars, during the recovery of World War I. The Treaty of Versailles had just been signed, and Germany was in large debt. This era was dedicated towards reflecting upon the difficult economy through not only paintings, but mostly on film as well. This period was largely an influence on the Expressionism coming out of Germany at the same time. A cinematic example of a work of the era would be urban center by Fritz Lang. This science-fiction film was set in a relatable dystopia within a capitalist society where inter-class issues are the focus.Die Brucke was a group founded by four students specializing in architecture. These artists had no solid formal educations or school in art expect for some lessons. They worked cohesively and began a philosophical involve to bridge a bohemian life-style with a sense of impending disaster. They were the driving force behind this movement. Sexual tension was a common theme in these pieces such as in Ernst Ludgwig Kitchners Self portrayal with Model and Georges Roualts Head of Christ. Both simplify shapes and use raw, simple colours to create very heavy, dense atmospheres around the pieces.Der Blaue Reiter wa s another group of artists led by Kandinsky and Franz Marc that wanted to approach their art more spiritually. These idealists sought to hit German art and eventually used woodcuts as their patriotic medium. whole kit and caboodle from the group include Marcs The Tower of Blue Horses and Kandinskys Composition VII. This type of extreme and spiritual abstraction, and form simplification was part of the groups search for philosophical truth.FauvismFauvism (1904-1908), French for wild beasts, was a movement led by Henri Matisse and Andre Derain. Characteristics of the movement included bright areas of colour and flattening of form. The works were passionate and emotional with very painterly brush strokes and a focus on colour rather than realism.Matisses Woman with a Hat demonstrates this. Patches of colour surround the figure, and though a form is clear, there is definitely no focus upon trying to recreate what the artist saw directly. Rather, the colour scheme and interpretation o f the colours at the arcminute are more important. This type of simplified colour/ figures is also seen with Matissess The ecstasy of Life.Andre Derain had worked with Matisse, and works such as Charing Cross couple exhibit the same type of bright, simplified colours but in a landscape setting. His Self-portrait in studio also shows this type of simplification, but with darker colours and more depth. This was a possible lead in to some of the ideas in the hobby movement.The boldness in colour and distortions during Fauvism is thought to have been from the influence of Van Gogh and Gaugins exhibited works. This was an incredibly modern movement in the twentieth century.CubismAnalytic Cubism (1907-191) involves looking at the volume and space the structural unites from whicj to derive the faceted shapes of Analytic (or Facet) Cubism The facets are now so small and precise, more like prisms, and the canvas has the balance and refinement of a fully mature style There are high contra sts of texture and colour, monochromic palettes are common, and complex structures. Everything is broken down geometrically with sharp lines into cubistic forms. Synthetic Cubism (1912-1919) on the other hand was an alternative to Fauvism. fine artists such as George Braque fell into this category, after beginning in Fauvism. This is also known as collage cubism. ground level is flattened and there is a celebration of colour and the technique of collage.Some of Braques work in Analytic Cubism includes Violin, a piece that breaks apart a fiddle and is based off of a green hue, and The Mandolin, which focuses on different facets of a womans body practically disintegrating into sections. Picassos Still Life with Chair lambaste and Guitar, Sheet Music, and Wine Glass are two examples of synthetic cubism. There are frames of reference, and things have been broken down in a way where it looks as if the final product was created through images being cut and spreadhead on together.Bauh ausBauhas was a school of thought that was founded by Walter Gropius in Germany and after development from previous concepts, buildings, and schools, the Bauhaus school building existed between 1919 and 1933 and had moved through three different cities due to Nazi pressure. Important components and influences of Bauhas wereInternational Style, functionalityin terms of (architectural) engineering, and geometric design principles. The Industrial Revolution, favtories, mass production and manufacturing were also a part of the movement. After the movement, many schools based their buildings and programs off the school. In general, the schools influence upon architecture, engineering, and plan still impacts current lifestyles, presenting themselves everywhere in daily life (ex the contrivance of tubular steel, flat-roofed buildings).The original director and master of Bauhaus, Gropius was largely responsible for the F 51 Armchair and Sofa. Other creations in modern dcor by him include the D 51 and F 51-2. One of the later directors Ludwig Mies van der Rohe designed the Farnsworth house, 960-880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments, and Seagram building. every last(predicate) these buildings reflect upon his mission to advance architecture with the leaps in technology and industry, combining rationalism with spirituality. Universally known, his Barcelona Chair and queen is a modernistic icon that involves a twist upon Curule chairs and was manufactured/ targeted towards the common man market. Hannes Meyer was the second director of Bauhaus and was the first to help the school pass profit. He brought significant commission for the school, including creating building for the Gederal School of the German championship Unions in Bernau and five apartment buildings in Dessau.American kidnap ExpressionismAbstract expressionism (1940s-1950s) was the first entirely American-caused movement in direct reaction to World War II. Paint was put onto a surface to create pure art that had no narrative. Rather the pieces depended purely on line, form, surface, and the way paint acts. Harold Rosenberg described Pollock and other Abstract Expressionist canvases as an domain of a function in which to act. What was to go on the canvas was not a picture but an event. Many paintings were described as action paintings, in where the process and layering of the paint could be considered more interesting and important than the final product and composition itself. Mark Rothko would use chunks of paint to create his pieces, to create multiforms. This was his expose style and can be seen in No. 3/ No. 13. The canvas consists of only 6 colours in blocks. Another example is his painting No. 10. In contrast, Jackson Pollock often threw paint onto the surface, allowing it to do what paint does. His paintings No. 5, and Lavender are examples of his paint-throwing and recognizable fall techniques. Other examples of Abstract Expressionist works include Lee Krasners celebration and Little Image paintings, along with Barnett Newmans Onement 1and Whos Afraid of Red, Yellow, and Blue?Pop ArtPop art (began in mid 1950s) was based in Britain and the unite States. Pop art was a diurect reaction to the high intellectualism of Abstract Expressionism, often focusing upon ordinary objects and regular daily commodities. Subject matter often included objects such as soup cans, boxes, comic boos, photos, etc. Pop culture and the Hollywood scene was a major influence upon the art during this age of mechanical reproduction.Richard Hamiltons collage Just What Is it that Makes Todays Homes So Different, So charitable? is an iconic piece created from images from American magazines and is a reflection upon the economy, homes, and lifestyle of the time. Andy Warhols Campbells soup I and series used the American food staple as the subject to avoid competing with Roy Lichensteins comic strip pieces and his potential as a consumer, being solely dedicated to the brand and produ ct. Lictensteins infamous Whaamcontains an image of an American plane destroying an enemy jet. This comic-strip type of art was a reflection on the American lifestyle and the popularity of comic books during the age and the piece was based off an actual comic book panel. The piece tries not to develop a purposeful connection with the earreach, allowing viewers to develop their own thoughts and interpretation of the image and caption. Claes Oldenburg also used this idea of consumer products, and often create soft sculptures of telluric objects. Lipstick (Ascending) on Caterpillar Tracks involved an oversized lipstick that would forever deflate itself unless pumped by a viewer. Other pieces from the era include Oldenburgs Soft Bathtub (Model), Lichtensteins Drowning Girl, Hamiltons Interior and Warhols Brillo Box.Earth ArtDuring Earth Art (late 1960s into early 1970s), artists began a movement against the restrictive qualities of galleries and traditional exhibitions. A desire for an open canvas led to the use of nature as a medium. In reaction to consumerism and the vast commercialization of art, the reaction of these artists was to create something impossible to obtain by using only natural materials, commonly in an environment that could not be sold. As well, the temporary nature of most of these works would factor into how unfeasible it would be to attempt to purchase these works. Usually, these works can only exist through documentation as they are otherwise eradicated by time. Leading artist Robert Smithson created the Broken rotary and Spiral Jetty, two famous works that emerged during the period. Both pieces are protected, but nevertheless people still try to obtain parts of these works. Richard vast creates his pieces through walking upon paths entirely drawn from him. A Circle in Alaska Bering Straight Driftwood on the Arctic Circle and A Line make By Walking are two works both created through the pure interaction of his body and his earth. The y will only last until nature takes its course, a trademark of Earth art. Christo and his wife Jean Claude focused their works upon the form that the world takes up, and wanted people to see things in a new perspective. Through many wrapped pieces, they considered themselves to be bringing spiritual world beauty to certain environemtns. The Running Fence and the wrapping of Point Neuf Bridge are some incredibly recognizable pieces. Both are reflections upon the form of nature.MinimalismMinimalism (late 1960s-early 1970s) involved the belief that there should be no agenda for a piece but the piece should be centred on itself. This type of art implies true aesthetic value. Often the works are precise, mechanical, and ready to be manufactured in a factory setting. The pieces are repetitive with no symbolism and are modular. Contrasting colours, sharp outlines, and a basis on geometric forms and the frame of reference were also components of this style. This was also applicable in the s culptural aspects of the style. Materials for this type of sculpture was usually industrial, ex fiberglass, plastics/ other synthetics, metals. Donald Judds pieces are often untitled works that are simple and based purely on mathematics and geometry. This was also the same with Robert Morris. Richard Serra has a piece similar to one of Judds untitled works where a sculpture contains contains circles within circles at different tilts and heights. These were installations, however Solomon LeWitt focused more upon two dimensional pieces like Isometric Projection, Untitled (lithograph), and Tower. Serras The Matter Of Time and Fulcrum are sculptures based purely on untreated metals and steels.Performance Art circulating(prenominal) Performance Art began in the beginning of the first half of the 20th century. The movement was dedicated towards the history of theatre. However, by the 1970s, Performance Art was usually concentrated and combined efforts on Happenings and Conceptual Art with installations. Shock value, (self-) mutilation, clear sexuality, grotesque and unconventional humour. Audience interaction and breaking the fourth beleaguer was also quite common.Laurie Anderson is a musician who experiments not only in sound through playing the violin and piano, but with her performances as well. She created the tape-bow violin that is still used as an experimental type of instrument by artists and musicians today. In the 1970s she performed/ recorded a violin piece eyepatch performing until the block of ice of which she stood on with ice skates completely smooth away. Vito Acconci created an installation named Seedbed in which he was located beneath a wild leek at the Sonnabend Gallery, where he masturbated and created a speaker system to allow his speakers here his voice and thoughts. Joseph Beuys had some notable performances, particularly when he became involved with Fluxus temporarily. His performance, How to let off Pictures to a Dead Hare involved Beu ys speaking into the ear of a dead hare he held in his arms, while his boot had an habituated piece of iron, and his face was covered in honey and gold leaf. All these objects had a symbolic meaning and there was an intended intellectual center for his audience. This Fluxus movement involiving multi-media flow also produced member Yoko Ono. Her performance Cut member (which can also be considered a happening) involved the audience act through cutting her clothing off until she was naked. This allowed Ono to communicate her own feelings towards her audience through body and performance, rather than conventional mediums.

Advancing Nursing Practice Current Role and Personal Learning

Advancing Nursing manage flow rate Role and Personal LearningThe idea of Advanced Nursing Practice (ANP) is reported to train commenced in the USA in the early move of the 20th century (Mantzoukas, 2006) and its getment has been sound recorded in the literary productions (Ketefian, Redman, Hanucharurnkul, Masterson Neves, 2001 Furlong Smith, 2005). But lack of clear definitions for the concept, its scope of practice and standards has resulted in a great diversity in practice (Woods, 1999 Pearson Peels, 2002 Daly and Carn hygienic, 2003). Furlong and Smith (2005) identifies that several(prenominal) attempts take a shit been do to conceptualise advanced breast feeding practice. This has resulted in near consensus on the core concepts that underpin ANP much(prenominal) as clinical autonomy, headmaster and clinical leading, research capabilities, application of theory and research to practice and graduate take aim procreation requirement (Ketefian et al., 2001 Furlong Smith, 2005 Mantzoukas, 2006). Knowledge level, sk airsick level and population of chemical reaction good example developed by Calkin (1984) and from novice to expert model by Benner (1984) are some of the models that were developed but none of these analysed conditionual figure outs on advanced get by for practice.Manley (1997) developed a conceptual fabric that describes four integrated zep roles (expert practitioner, pedagog, researcher and consultant) unavoidable skills and processes as well as contextual prerequisites for the advanced retain practitioner to achieve outcomes strove for. This model was developed from a model by Hamric (1989) and shares similarities in the four substitute roles, some skills and processes. However, the framework by Manley (1997) establishes a relationship between the ANP role, its context and its outcomes, giving it an advantage over the models of Calkin, Benner and Hamric. It is worth stating, at this point, that the term ANP is non for a single role but for different advanced nursing roles such as nurse practitioners, certified nurse midwives, nurse anaesthetists and clinical nurse specialists (Ketefian et al., 2001)I deal worked for one category as a general nurse (Nursing Officer rank) after completing my four-year nursing cookery in gold coast. My responsibilities accept ensuring adequate nutrition and elimination, administering medication and reporting on patients response, allocating task based on skill of staff, supervising staff and students in the cover, and participating in ward rounds (GHS, 2005). Henry (2007) states that Ghanaian nurses have reflexive promotion after every five years of service until they stool the rank of Principal Nursing Officer. It seems that this is changing. My experience is that, recently, higher education corroboration as well as evidence of continuous professional and personal development is a requirement for certain roles in the nursing profession. Moreover, r esearch, leadership and application of theory to practice are some of the advanced nursing skills that are not well developed in my current role. I have, therefore, enrolled in the MSc. Advanced Nursing course to develop these skills to advance my nursing practice.It appears that the four advanced nursing roles described by Ketefian et al. (2001) are inclose in Ghana, although the term ANP is not used. East and Arudo (2009) identifies that due to shortage of wellness personnel, nurses in sub-Saharan Africa perform certain roles and tasks that would be classified, in another(prenominal) countries, as advanced practice. Ghanaian nurses in these roles have some leg of clinical autonomy, especially in the district hospitals, but not inevitably a graduate level education. Instead, a post-basic diploma is required for some of them (nurse anaesthetist and clinical nurse specialist roles). Until recently, post-basic diploma was the qualification for medical examination assistants (sim ilar to nurse practitioner role). Thus, ANP roles in Ghana developed as a result of shortage of wellness personnel and the wellness take ups of the population. However, the roles are different from those in the UK and USA in areas such as research, professional and clinical leadership, academic qualification, and clinical autonomy.Therefore, with the ANP conceptual framework of Manley (1997) as the focus, I hope to achieve the following objectives in advancing my practice father a article of faith piece of ground to slow progression of inveterate kidney sickness (CKD) among patients with diabetesAdvance myself as a nurse pedagog and the other sub roles identified by Manley (1997)Develop leadership and effective adjustment forethought skillsContribute to the professional development of my colleagues.The Project Introduction and Rationale for excerptionIn advancing my nursing practice, my focus for this check is to develop a teaching package to slow progression of degenerat ive kidney indisposition among patients with diabetes. other patients at risk of developing kidney affliction, including those with hypertension would also benefit from this project. The package would, also, be used among patients with stages 1 4 chronic kidney malady.In the terminal year of my nursing training, I had to submit a solicitude teaching to the Nursing and Midwifery Council of Ghana. The patient I worked with had been diagnosed with type II diabetes. The care study required that I participate in the active precaution of the patient and present a report on that, as well as a literature review on the condition. I rebound on the entire process now and I realise that complications of diabetes were dependable mentioned to the patient, with no adequate information on how they can be hold oned.This project is, therefore, anticipated to create awareness of chronic kidney disease as a study complication among patients with diabetes in Ghana and how to delay its progr ession, if not negate it. My primary focus would be to develop a strategy that would reaching out to all patients, including those with low literacy skills. This would advance the nursing care and health education given to such patients, thereby, delaying the need for dialysis (Thomas et al., 2008).Literature ReviewWHO (200211) defines chronic conditions as health problems that require ongoing circumspection over a period of years or decades and has labelled them as the biggest challenge face up by the health sector in the 21st century. While the scotch apostrophize of managing chronic diseases is high, Suhrcke, Fahey McKee (2008) identify some strong economic arguments that whitethorn be made in support of the need for societies to invest in their (chronic diseases) caution. They identify some primary benefits such as improved health (in terms of patients quantity and tone of voice of life in years), long-term cost savings from complications avoided and workplace producti vity experienced by patients and their employers. Nevertheless, retarding their occurrence is commutation in the general prudence of chronic conditions (Nolte McKee, 2008) and this is a responsibility for all, including governments, clannish sectors, health care systems and individuals (Novotny, 2008).Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is becoming a global pandemic (Mahon, 2006 Chen, Scott, Mattern, Mohini Nissenson, 2006 Clements Ashurst, 2006). The disease causes gradual decline in kidney function (Silvestri, 2002). It has been categorised into 5 stages according to the glomerular filtration rates (Johnson Usherwood, 2005) and the progression through these stages is influenced by several processes, mostly lifestyle-related (Riegersperger Sunder-Plassmann, 2007). Management of stage 5 (end stage) is either by dialysis or kidney transplant (Johnson Usherwood, 2005, Chen et al., 2006). Patients with CKD stages 4 and 5 experience other complications such as anaemia and metabolic a cidosis that must, also, be managed efficiently (Silvestri, 2002 Murphy, Jenkins, McCann Sedgewick, 2008). This, in asset to dialysis, accounts for the reported higher be of managing CKD (Gonzalez-Perez, Vale, Stearns, Wordsworth, 2005 Kaitelidou, Ziroyanis, Maniadakis, Liaropoulos, 2005).Presently, more than 23,000 adults in the UK undergo dialysis word as a result of kidney failure and this number is expected to emergence yearly (World Kidney Day, 2009). Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital (Ghana) recorded 558 cases of CKD between January 2006 and July 2008 in the commonwealth (All Africa, 2009) and this may represent less than 30% of the total disease interference as the hospital serves a few regions in the country.Several studies have identified diabetes mellitus and hypertension as the major causes of CKD (Clements Ashurst, 2006 Rosenberg, Kalda, Kasiuleviius Lember, 2008 Marchant, 2008 Stropp, 2008 Thomas, Bryar, Mankanjuola, 2008 Ulrich, 2009). Amoah, Owusu and Adjei (2002) re port of little, but outdated, statistics on the preponderance of diabetes in Ghana. Another report is on the assumption that diabetes is extraordinary in Ghana (ibid.). However, it appears that my clinical experience at KATH alone suggests otherwise to the latter. Amoah et al. (2002), again, report that data on diabetes in Ghana is unreliable and this is corroborate by incongruent data observed in the literature. For example, Abubakari and Bhopal (2008) report that preponderance of diabetes in Ghanaian adults (25years and above) was 6.3% in 1998 while the Ministry of Health, Ghana (2001 cited by Aikins, 2004) estimates diabetes in 4% of Ghanaians between 15 to 70 years. Notwithstanding, Aikins (2004) reports of increase in the prevalence rates of chronic illnesses in the country, and diabetes is no exception.Primary care management delays nephropathy and other complications of diabetes (Thomas et al., 2008). They cast up that there could be a push-down store of potential saving s if the need for dialysis can be delayed, even if for a short period for a few patients. Since prevention reduces healthcare cost (Booth, Gordon, Carlson Hamilton, 2000), Ghana, not being a rich country (CIA, 2008) stands to benefit from such an approach. Chen et al. (2006), also, identify that delaying the progression of CKD improves clinical outcomes and moderates costs. Strategies to delay progression include good glycaemic control, blood pressure control, smoking cessation and other lifestyle modification (Nicholls, 2005 Clements Ashurst, 2006 Rosenberg et al., 2008). Patients knowledge on these factors may lead to a change in behaviour which, in turn, would yield positive outcomes in the management of their conditions.Health education is one of such strategies to achieve positive outcomes and prevent complications, especially if the method used is appropriate for the age group as well as their cultural background (Funnell et al., 2008). It is often used interchangeably with health promotion in the nursing literature and criticisms have been made on that (Whitehead). The argument has been that health promotion has shifted from preventing specific diseases or sight risk groups towards health and well being of whole populations (Naidoo Will, 2000). Hitherto, health education remains central to health promotion (Whitehead, 2), and, because of the dominance of the medical model, health promotion is mostly equated to prevention of disease, through primary, secondary or tertiary prevention in clinical settings (Naidoo Wills, 2000).Secondary and tertiary prevention interventions prevent complications such as chronic nephropathy development in patients with diabetes and health education is one of such interventions (Rosenberg et al., 2008 Naidoo Wills, 2008). Diabetes is, predominantly, self-managed (Collins et al., 1994 Funnell Anderson, 2002), making education very necessary as it empowers the patients to take charge of their health behaviour and other factors that influence their health status (Piper, 2009). Whitehead (1) adds that health education focuses on lifestyle-related and behavioural change processes, making it an integral part of comprehensive diabetes care (type II education).The above implies that when patients with diabetes receive health education, it enhances their ability to collaborate with the effective management of the disease and, consequently, avoid its complications. However, very little knowledge on CKD as well as misunderstandings of illness and treatment has been reported (Jain, 2008 Holstrm Rosenqvist, 2005). Patients may not appreciate the role that lifestyle modification, in addition to pharmacologic interventions, can play in effective management of diabetes. Since diabetes, usually, do not present any physical symptoms, patients tend to distance themselves from it and, as a result, ignore the education being provided because they do not feel ill (Holstrm Rosenqvist, 2005). Complexity of self-mana gement of diabetes may also be a major contributor to the reported misunderstandings (Szromba, 2009). The primary concern then becomes who should educate these patients and what strategies should be used to achieve positive outcomes?Making time to educate patients and their families on everything that they need to know is seldom easy because of the busy schedules of nurses in the ward (Rankin Stallings, 2001). Yet, Hamric (1989) and Manley (1997) have documented the integration of health education into the roles of advanced nurse practitioners and Rankin Stallings (2001) have attested to this. Advanced nurse practitioners are able to specify on their knowledge and skills related to higher education as well as their expertise from practice to achieve positive outcomes in the clinical settings (Manley, 1997). Szromba (2009) suggests that alternative methods to the traditional lecture method of health education should be utilized to enhance self-care. Babcock and Miller (1994) sugge st that discussion, demonstration, modelling, group activities and role playacting are other teaching strategies that the health educator can employ. However, they add that consideration should be given to the strategy that best fits the objectives, content, the clients, the health educator and the reality of the learning situation. This underscores the importance of client needs assessment in health education.Literacy skills of the clients should, also, be taken into consideration during health education. This project is to be implemented in Ghana and WHO (2009) estimates an adult illiteracy rate of or so 35% of the total population. The use of written materials may be a difficulty in such settings, especially as the literates may not understand the jargons used in health very well. Therefore, the health educator should ensure that materials are simplified so readers do not have difficulties in understanding the content. Rankin Stallings (2001) suggest that health educators shou ld, therefore, focus information on the core of knowledge and skills that clients need to survive and cope with problems, teach the smallest nub possible, make points vivid, present information sequentially and allow patients to restate and edge what has been learnt. They also suggest the strategic use of educational media such as flipcharts, photographs, drawings and videotapes to enhance understanding.Aims and Anticipated OutcomeThe primary focus of this project is to develop a teaching strategy to slow the progression of chronic kidney disease among patients with diabetes in Ghana. Consideration would be given to strategies that would reach out to and encourage understanding among patients with low literacy skills. It is anticipated that when patients have enough information on their disease condition, they would collaborate with the healthcare team in the management of the condition.I hope to enhance my knowledge on the management of chronic kidney disease and my role as a nu rse educator. This experience would, also, be transferred to my colleagues in Ghana and lead to general improvement in the management of chronic kidney disease in the hospital.This collaboration would, therefore, reduce complications of the disease and enhance patients quality of life. As has been identified by Thomas et al. (2008), when complications such as kidney failure and the need for dialysis is delayed for a short period among few patients, a lot of financial savings is made. Therefore, in addition to providing quality care for patients and enhancing their quality of life, this project would reduce the cost of managing complications of diabetes and chronic kidney disease in Ghana.The Professional and Organizational ContextKomfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH) is the second largest teaching hospital in Ghana, training many doctors, nurses and other paramedics in the Ashanti arena of Ghana. It is an autonomous service delivery agent under the Ministry of Health of Ghana (MOH , 2009a). In addition to training many of the health personnel in the Ashanti neighbourhood at KATH, many people inside and outside the Ashanti Region seek healthcare there. As a result, provision of quality healthcare has always been the focus. An organisation that recognises the need for change, weighs costs and benefits, and plans for the change when the benefits outweigh the costs is ready for a change (Dalton Gottlieb, 2003). KATH is, therefore, ready for change because some of its employees are sent overseas or to other parts of the country, whenever there is the need for a new skill or knowledge to be gained, to turn about a positive change within the institution. This may be a factor that would facilitate my agenda to implement some changes within the institution upon my return to Ghana.However, Ghana, as a country is underdeveloped (CIA, 2008). Therefore, financial support, many a time, becomes a difficulty. Another challenge may be the fewer nursing staff. The Ministry of Health (2009b) estimates that there was a nurse-to-population ratio of 12024 in Ashanti Region and 11451 for the entire country in year 2007 while the WHO estimates that there are 9 nurses/midwives per 10,000 of the Ghanaian population (WHO, 2009xxxxx).Nevertheless, the zest to provide quality patient care and reduce healthcare costs, and fealty from the health personnel are factors that would supersede the anticipated obstacles to the implementation of this project.

The Role Of ICT In Teaching ESL

The Role Of ICT In T severallying ESLThe connector of ICT and face in last few years had make quick changes in the presentation of curriculum in various aspects. Practiti unmatchablers, theorists and re assayers micturate started to even off serious attention to the challenges of the new applied science and these challenges and opportunities that new technology presents cave in resulted position give lessonsers into a new dimension.There are divergent issues link to the relationship of ICT and side which consists of complex implications for branchroom t to distributively oneing and initial instructor education. Student instructors who play a vital role in delivering ESL flip wide roll of experiences and level of expertise in ICT. My aim is to alter bookman instructors to be aware of these important issues and have the skills, knowledge and overcritical understanding to respond teaching of inc grapevine through ICT.Initially, I accomplish analysis of the changi ng nature of ESL in the light of current technology advancement. Then, explore the interpretations of the role of ICT in teaching incline, the provision made by ICT in college and policy and classroom workout in the area of the curriculum.ever-changing nature of ESL at presentRecent years have seen a move from the predominance of the printed test to varied sites for textual production, including web-based environments, mobile phones and computers games. secrecy based texts are characterized by varied and densely interrelation multimodal talk with an increasing emphasis on visual aspects of texts, such as layout exercising of font and images and the incorporation of sound, animation and hyperlinks. Digital technology has also made it easier to experiment the text production and to communicate rapidly with a range of familiar and unfamiliar audiences.ESL teachers have to consider how to teach linguistic process literacy and scientific skills so that ingesters fuel make effec tive use of goods and services of ICT. When teachers develop and put through an electronic literacy approach, they must address a number of mindsHow should ESL teachers make the shell use of new online opportunities to maximize row matter and practice while also helping bookmans develop computer-based talk and literacy skills?What strategies for communicating and interlocking should students be taught?What goals should spoken language teacher aim for and what kinds of online projects could students carry out to accomplish those goals?Which are the around crucial electronic resources and tools that teachers should retard close to so that they can teach them to their students?How can teachers encourage students to become autonomous learners who can continue to learn how to communicate, conduct research and present their ideas effectively using entropy communication technology beyond the confines of the class or semester? (cited in Shetzer Warschauer, 2000, 171-172)The heading of this study was to explore the use of the network in vocational high-school English learning environments in a specific socio-cultural context including in the sensual world and in cyberspace. The results of the in-depth study aim to shed light on the combinations of English language and ICT that can both enhance vocational high-school students expert competence as well as facilitate English language acquisition and applications in an true situation.Research questionsSpecific questions explored in the study include the following move students learn the run aways of the net profit via the English language andSignificantly improve their English e-talk on the internet? What are the benefits or difficulties with the use of Information Communication Technology in the teaching of English as a Second Language? What are the recognitions of both teacher and students regarding the use of the meshwork in the class? What are the issues and challenges that arise in the con solidation of the meshing in English learning contexts? Can students nip comfortable communicating in English on the Internet? Can the design of the Internet and English class improve their language attainment and grammatical usage?The setting for the studyThe research study was conducted at a vocational high school________________ The die hard was named Internet and English its major(ip) objective was to help vocational high school students learn English in a natural setting with the assistance of ICT.This course employ various methods to facilitate students Internet usage by way of English writing. A ______-hour on-line lecture plus a computer session was held on Tuesdays in a computer lab where ______ Personal Computers were set-up and networked. In the lab the teacher lectured on some introductory aspects of the Internet and its functions and at the same time demonstrated its uses and gave students opportunities for practice using English and exploring the Internet. In ap pendix to the weekly lecture and computer session, the after-class activities and assigned tasks were infallible of each student. To carry out the after-class projects and assignments, the students on that pointfore filmed to connect to the Internet and search for the required materials in response to the teachers weekly questions and, meanwhile, they were required to use English to communicate with the teachers as well as with the other classmates.Although ICT facilities and support were trammel in the vocational school studied, the English teacher wanted to overwhelm the barrier by the inclusion of some outside-campus network resources in his class. A course syllabus, updated announcements, handouts, profiles of the teacher and the students, and class presentations, pictures and recommended relevant web resources were all converged in colourful words on the website.Contents of the projectEnglish was the of import language used throughout class activities, which included Engl ish website tuition collection, matter-centred news, on-line communication, and electronic mail exchange.the course used four major tools-the World-wide web, Newsgroups, Chat-rooms, and email to cultivate students network accessibility and language expressions/utterances so that the course was devoted primarily in four segments. First, for the World-wide web section, leap out A self introduction and run into B website recommendation were their assigned tasks. Second, in the Newsgroup section, the teacher asked students to subscribe to the newsgroups they were arouse in and then used the chat messenger to post articles and questions and required students to either answer the questions or discuss the minded(p) government issues in English. Third, in the Chat section, the students were allowed to freely e-talk about whatever interested them in the chat room in chat messanger. Through the different presentation formats of online tutoring, online discussion, and online deb ate, they were given different objectives each time.Finally, in the email section, students well-educated the basic commands by using Outlook and basic ideas about email user interface design and the system setup and some key out functions (POP setup, web-mail, filtering, and so on).ParticipantsThe participants in this study were ______ students ____22 fe manlikesand _____7 male students plus the_______ young male teacher. To take the elective courseInternet and English, certain prerequisites were required. For instance, the studentsneeded to have previously taken Introduction to Computer Science andApplications of Computer Science, which were the primary-year and second-yearcourses.AssessmentFor this course students were assessed as follows 20% for class participation, 20%for homework exercises, 30% for the combined score on the 1st and second midterm exam trial runs, and 30% for the terminal exam. moulds A and B were counted as the scads ofthe 1st midterm. The quality as we ll as the quantity of each students specific onlineutterances their portfolio was used as students second midterm scores. The Chat deed in the chat messanger was used for the final exam grades. The Final examconsisted of an article on the topic How do I perceive Internet and English students were instructed to talk about the current semester only and to include deuce-ace move my impression of this class what I have learned from this course and mysuggestions .MethodologyThe study employed both qualitative and quantitative methods. The research worker useda multi-method approach to document and evaluate the process of integration of theInternet in the English learning settings, including the collection of their electronic entropy from chats, discussions, dialogues and email exchanges on the Internet,observations of their online classroom activities, formal and informal interviewswith the instructor. A post-class questionnaire was administered to the participantsat the end of thi s class. In addition, a student who had a special need for remedialinstruction had actively interacted with the English teacher via email communicationthroughout most of semester. The students email exchanges with the teacher wereused as a case study.Data collectionData collected for the studies included authentic email messages, questionnaires,classroom observations, formal and informal interviews, and student logs.Descriptive statistical knowledge was provided for cross-referencing. The studywas conducted in a natural learning setting. none of the student subjects were awareof being observed and analysed during the entropy collection procedures. boilers suit results of the use of ICT in the classThe teacher used an open-ended question to solicit student overall responses to theuse of information communication technology in the class. This question was, Doyou think Internet and English can really improve your English? reassure me why. Moststudents thought the Internet was an i nteresting and useful tool in their Internet andEnglish class (Table 1).Table 1. Data from the open-ended questionPositive reactions (19 out of 23 82.16%) Negative reactions 3 out of 23 (13%)Being able to practice write 5 Not liking the Internet 1 encyclopedism more English 4 Too much diction resulting inBeing more motivated in learning new vocabulary 4 learning pressure 1Being able to learn more about computers 4 The fast-paced schedule of the class 1Communicating with others using emails and makingfriends from other countries 4Looking for information on the Internet and enhancing exercise comprehension by materials on the Internet 3Meeting people 2Talking on line 1Being able to correct mistakes instanter 1The Tell me why self-report data were used for further analysis. The positiveperception of Internet use could stem from two sources. First, due to the convenientaccess provided by the Internet, students were able to make foreign friends. Second,in the process of navigating the webpages, the chances of directly reading Englishand learning new vocabulary, sentence patterns, and grammatical patterns increased.Moreover, the immediacy of the online tutoring enabled the teacher to correct theirmistakes quickly. The other advantages include the acquisition of relevantOnline deal data analysisThe data for quantitative analysis were gathered from the Chat function inchatmessanger, which generally meant participating in online tutoring and onlinedebates. Also, the data from both the midterm exam and final exam in the firstsemester were collected for analysis. In online tutoring and online debate, not everystudent wrote down his or her responses. Although quin students were entirelysilent, the other 24 students had at least one sentence (here one sentence means anutterance with a period or a question mark at the end) in the online chatting.However, in online debate, which discussed the interesting topic of having a girlfriend or a boy friend, the great deal of discourse obviously increased by an averageof six sentences, and that was five times as many as the very first time, when theywere required to talk about a good teacher. Most students, who had already e-talked the first time, were more likely to write more than the second time. As for the2nd midterm exam and final exam, since the written records were used for studentsgrades, every student was mandated to express his or her opinions in order to gainpoints. Eventually the majority of the discourse resulted in an average ofapproximately 15 sentences in final exam. This was two and half times as many asin the midterm exam.When addressing the reasons for the increase in students discourse volume, theresearcher found that students gradatory increasing familiarity with the computercommands and the digital environment contributed to the increased number of theirexpressions. Moreover, the topics for discussion which appeared to be interesting,controversial or abundant in readily easy o nline information also resulted in anincrease in the number of sentences.Non-online discourse data analysis based on two projectsIn addition to the online data, non-online data were collected from Project A andProject B for analysis. For Project A, in order to encourage students to begin theirEnglish writing, the English teacher purposefully used self-introduction as anintroductory and familiar topic. Thus each student was asked to use English tointroduce himself/herself. For Project B, each student had to browse the Englishresources on the Internet and then recommended some websites as their favouritesand to give reasons for their recommendation. Consequently, the average number ofsentences produced in Project A was eight, and this was about four times as many asthe number produced for Project B. Further analysis of the in-depth data revealedthat Project A was a self-introduction and there were several basic items that thestudents could always include in their written presentations , such as blood type, signof Zodiac, and favourite sports. On the other hand, Project B asked students torecommend a web site that they found interesting. This topic was of wide scope andmore challenging than Project A.Student perceptions of the use of ICT in English learningIn order to understand students perception of learning English by using the Internetand the impact of the Internet on English learning as well, a questionnaire wasadministered to the students shortly earlier the end of the first semester in order tocollect their demographic information and their responses to the use of the Internetin this English class. The questionnaire was composed of three parts personal dataexperience in using a network computer and ten 5-point-Likert-scale questions. Ageneral question was given at the beginning of the questionnaire and 10 morecorresponding statements followed with choices. A total of 26 questionnaires out of29 were collected and used for analysis. The statistical results o f this questionnaireare presented under (Table 5).QuestionaireWhat do you think might be the reasons that the Internet could facilitate English learning?(1-Totally Disagree 2-Strongly Disagree 3-Agree 4-Strongly Agree and 5Totally Agree)Statements 1 2 3 4 5 Rank1. The teacher interacted with students on the 0 3.8% 57.7% 15.4% 23.1% 1Internet so that I feel less pressured in class. 3.8% 94.2%2. I can learn new vocabulary, sentence patterns, 0 19.2% 57.7% 15.4% 7.7% 8and grammar on the Internet. 19.2% 81.8%3. Anonymous communication makes me less afraid 3.8% 3.8% 42.3% 15.4% 34.6% 2of making mistakes in English chatting. 7.6% 92.4%4. I could learn good English sentences from others. 3.8% 3.8% 30.8% 38.5% 23.1% 27.6% 92.4%5. I dont need to speak English in front of my 7.7% 26.9% 26.9% 34.6% 3.8% 9classmates. Instead, typing in front of the 34.6% 65.4%computer screen reduces my stress.6. Learning English usage be that boring since I 3.8% 7.7% 38.5% 15.4% 34.6% 5could find some matter to English information 11.5% 88.5%on the Internet quickly7. I could improve my English response speed since 7.7% 26.9% 30.8% 30.8% 3.8% 10online chatting in English requires instantly 34.6% 63.8%answering in English.8. I could make key/pen pals in foreign countries 3.8% 3.8% 23.1% 30.8% 38.5% 2and practice English writing. 7.6% 92.4%9. I could often practice English since English is 0 11.5% 26.9% 38.5% 23.1% 5the common language on the Internet. 11.5% 88.5%10. I could freely practice English because I could 3.8% 11.5% 34.6% 26.9% 23.1% 7 develop up my little virtual world on the 15.3% 84.7%computer screen.

Measuring The Cost Of Cybercrime Criminology Essay

Measuring The Cost Of Cybercrime Criminology EssayAustralasians policing (this also includes New Zealand patrol) deal statement, as indicated in its strategic directions document is A safer and more fixate confederation. Be compositors case engineering science, which includes the internet, is a very essential part of life today, the term companionship in Australasians vision statement fates to correspondingly be applicable in the new facet of cyberspace. It discusses the dangers and risks of the internet which includes the description of the e-crime problem, the effect on safety in different situations, and the different problems it poses classifies and discusses the new response problems that whitethorn be run into during e-crime stay freshion, exposure and investigation and delineates enormously initiatives of Australasian policing meant to pr evet and minimize the occurrence of e-crime and improve the communitys safety and security. It concludes by asserting that a resp onse capacity will only be successful and all-embracing by wholly adopting prevention and partnership programs, including, with regards to online youth ab intake, putting bump on community education that requires the growth of protective behaviours in children, educated and involved adults, and good guidance by pargonnts, teachers and schools.Ciardhuin, S. (2004). An extended gravel of cybercrime investigations. inter topicJournal of Digital Evidence, 3(1), pp. 1-22.An utile assume of cybercrime investigations is vital due to the situation that it specifies a theoretical reference framework, independent of any specific organisational circumstance or technology, for the analysis of methods and technology for strengthening investigators work. Ciardhuin in this obligate presents a model of investigations which brings together existing models, simplifies them and expands them by clearly think on specific activities that they do non suffer. Instead of only bear on evidence l ike previous models, this model clearly outlines the information that consort during an investigation and depicts the deep extent of an investigation. This paper also presents the results of an assessment of the model by cybercrime investigators in practice. It concludes by testing the feasibility and applic faculty of this model by comparing it to various important existing models.Brenner, S. W. (2006). At easy speed Attribution and response to cybercrime/terrorism/warfare, Journal of Criminal police Criminology, 97(2), pp. 379-419.The alacrity and obscurity of cyber-attacks renders differentiating among the activities of terrorists, offenders, and nation states challenging. This phrase elucidates why and by what style computer technology obfuscates the correlated practices of classifying internal (which include crime and terrorism) and orthogonal (war) dangers to society of countering such threats. It begins by structuring a classification of cyber threats (that is, crime, terrorism, and war) and describes why these changing threat classes can make who- and what-attribution difficult. It also gives details of how these problems with attribution play the handling cyber threats and continues to investigate this issue by considering methods that can be utilize to improve the response capacity without compromising principles dear to the heart. The denomination concludes by agreeing that while the methods analysed in the clause may not be the happen upon to solving this obscurity, or the solution to the problem, the paper may be utilise in discussing these issues, a discussion that lead to develop of strategies that enhance the ability to manage the threats that occur from cyberspace.Brenner, S., Koops, B. J. (2004). Approaches to cybercrime jurisdiction. Journal ofHigh Technology Law, 4(1), 189-202.Jurisdiction in cybercrimes is a thorny subject. Activities on the internet that are fairnessful in the areas where they are started may be il effectu al in another(prenominal) areas, even if the activity is not principally directed at that single area. This word focuses on jurisdiction in basic criminal law by scrutinizing the cybercrime statutes of several countries and states. The analysis is however limited predominantly to statutory law because, hitherto, the case law existing on cross-border cybercrime jurisdiction is scarce. After comprehensively giving a description to jurisdiction, the article reviews jurisdiction clauses in cybercrime statues that set apart jurisdiction, centred on either territorial claims, on personality claims, or on other claims, for example the protection rule and universality. It concludes by recapping the different play in cybercrime jurisdiction, the difficulties that this disparity presents, and specifying stemming issues that call for foster analysis.Australian Government. (2009). Cybersecurity Strategy. Commonwealth of Australia.Retrieved fromhttp//www.ag.gov.au/Documents/AG%20Cyber%20Sec urity%20Strategy%20-%20for%20website.pdfAmong the top national security priorities in Australia at the moment is cyber security. The national security, economic wealth and social security in Australia are vitally subject to the accessibility, reliability and privacy of a variety of ICTs (Information and Communication Technology). This article is an Australian Government Policy Strategy that describes how the government is using either resource to help safeguard government, business and individual Australians. It also describes the meaning in which new capacities deem been started to ensure that Australians, as well as the businesses they do business with, are better protected. It concludes by suggesting that, given the ready growth in the intensity and complexity of cybercrime and other cyber security perils, it is sarcastic that government, business and the society are cognizant of the seriousness of cyber security risks and sanctify to work as one to protect this critical pa rt of the community and economy.Wall, D. (2008). Cybercrime, media and insecurity The shaping of public perceptions ofcybercrime. International Review of Law, Computers and Technology, 22(1-2), pp. 45-63There is a significant disparity in our perception of cybercrime that solicits several critical questions somewhat the condition of the production of criminological lastledge on it. This article critically examines the manner in which public perceptions of cybercrime are modelled and uncertainties about it are spawned. It looks at the differing abstracts of cybercrime before pinpointing conflicts in the production of criminological knowledge that are the cause of the confusion amongst rhetoric and reality. Next, it juxtaposes the myths of cybercrime with what is really happening with the intention of appreciating the reassurance disproportion that has unfolded amongst community leases for internet security and its provision. The article concludes by traffic for the necessity to be clear about where the proportionality between the need to maintain lawfulness online and the need to enforce law is set because, until this equilibrium has been realized, the cybercrime reassurance gap will not be closed.Choo, K. R. (2008). Organised crime groups in cyberspace A typology. Trends inOrganized Crime, 11(3), pp. 270-295. doi 10.1007/s12117-008-9038-9.While questions have been raised as to the existence of organised criminal activities in cyberspace, a number of studies have of late highlighted the interaction between cyberspace and nonionized crime. The cyberspace gives organised crime groups an asylum for the development of their organisational and effective abilities. This article describes three classes of organised groups that take advantage of developments in ICT to contravene legal and regulatory jurisdictions, which comprise (1) old-style organised criminal groups that exploit ICT to boost their world-wide criminal activities (2) organised cybercriminal gr oups that operate entirely online and (3) organised groups of ideologically and doctrinally inspired parties who exploit ICT to ease their criminal behaviour. The article concludes by noting that with the intensify probability of digital content being a basis of debates or forming part of basic proof to back or rebut an account in judicial proceedings, the need for law application to have broad understanding of computer forensic techniques, tools, principles, procedures and guidelines, in addition to anti-forensic tools and techniques will pass away more pronounced. Moreover, it also sees the need for fresh strategies of response and more look on investigating organised criminal activities in cyberspace.Holt, T. J., Bossler, A. M. (2012). Predictors of Patrol military officer Interest in CybercrimeTraining and Investigation in Selected United States Police Departments. Cyberpsychology, Behaviour, and Social Networking, 15(9), 464-472.For the past thirty years, there has been a n increase in the use of technology to aid crimes in both the cyber and physical worlds. This problem has resulted in the creation of significant challenges for the enforcement of law, especially at the state and local anaesthetic levels. It is because of this that this article examines the dynamics that projected patrol officers interest in cybercrime investigations and training in two south-eastern cities in the U.S. The analysis particularly observed the connection between demographics, cybercrime exposure, computer training, computer expertise, Internet and cybercrime perceptions, and perceptions on policing cybercrime with officer appeal to cybercrime investigation training and handling cybercrime investigations in the future. At the end, from the findings, the article substantiates the argument that more knowledge and departmental consultations relating to the value of investigating these types of crime need to be held so as to boost officer interest.Bossler, A. M., Holt, T . J. (2012). Patrol officers perceived type in responding tocybercrime. Policing An International Journal of Police Strategies Management, 35(1), pp. 165-181Minor empirical query is available concerning how local law enforcement has dealt with cybercrime. The main aim of this article is to know the law enforcement agencies that line officers consider to be largely in betoken of investigating cybercrime instances their views about their agencys current capacity to handle these offenses and their attitudes as regards the effective ways of improving the social response to cybercrime. To do so, the authors surveyed patrol officers in the Charlotte-Mecklenburg and Savannah-Chatham Metropolitan police departments. The authors found that officers do not think that local law enforcement should be largely in charge of dealing with cybercrime incidents and they have scarce information on the manner in which upper instruction is handling cybercrime. Officers showed that the most effective approaches to handle cybercrime were more care interpreted by people online and amendments to the legal system. The article concludes by noting the significant need for more statistical recording of cybercrime so as to better cherish the problem in addition to how local law enforcement and first responders are tackling these issuesJiggins, S. (2000). E-crime a global challenge for law enforcement. Platypus Magazine,Australian federal Police. Retrieved fromhttp//www.afp.gov.au/media-centre/publications/platypus/previous-editions/2000/december-2000/ecrimeAmong the biggest challenges related with modern technology is the fact that crimes can be perpetrated on a large-scale basis with such rapidity and obscurity, which if not dealt with, endangers the sustainability of the economic security of businesses and the existence of smaller nation states. Because of this invasive personality of modern technologies, the report recognizes the need for law enforcement to work together with oth er sectors in the industry and the community to breed an across-the-board state and local approach to the issue. The report tackles issues such as the global nature of e-crime, securing, developing and holding on to expert staff and getting around technology gap, gathering and retaining electronic evidence, establishing the identity of criminals, developing tools to counter crime, reacting to crime instantaneously, and move on reporting of electronic crime. The report concludes by setting the stage for further analysis, which will identify first priority matters, gaps and weaknesses that must be tackled by any strategy if law enforcement is to meet the challenges of the virtual horizon.