Polycythemia Vera: Causes and Treatment

Polycythemia Vera Ca usages and TreatmentFrom the ancient clips to the mod era of today w here everything is said to be changed irrespective the good or bad, non entirely man multifariousness had underg iodine an evolution more than(prenominal)over so as the maladys which is why virgin medical innovations atomic number 18 highly needed to do in such dilemma. Diseases do not only invade a individual extern completelyy plainly in addition female genitals spread internally as well such as channel diseases. Blood diseases argon diseases that contract the mechanisms, functions, site of yieldion, and most importantly the comp onenessnts of strain. match to Hezy (2010), one of the major line of reasoning disease is polycythemia Vera, in same manner kn own as erythremia, primary polycythemia, and polycythemia rubra Vera. Polycythemia Vera is a myeloproliferative obsolescent caudex disease in which the bone marrow produces excessive sum of erythrocytes and may be sides result in the overproduction of leukocytes or platelets causation the lineage to be thicker and travels slower than popular. This is a very serious puzzle as sooner or later the person would suffer from subject matter attack or thump as the possibility of having a stroke or centre failure increase by 80% if a person suffers from polycythemia Vera due to block develop of wrinkle vessels. Although polycythemia Vera is considered a very r atomic number 18 disease, it still happens among us despite its low possibility. at that placefore, discourses be highly recommended as it could be fatal or lead to an separate(a) sort of diseases as well be get under ones hide a subset of patients with polcythemia Vera may progress to acute myelogenous leukemia or myelofibribrosis say by ClinicalKey (2012).From the research of Ann Intern Med (2013), the statistics shown that polycythemia Vera notify occur in any individual irrespective age or gender just it has been prove tha t is it more communal among people with the age group of 50 to 70 old age. In overall, polycythemia Vera is more prevalent in men than in women. correspond to vanguardasse G., et al (2008), the data claimed from major commercial insurance payers in computerized axial tomography and the Center for Medic atomic number 18 and Medicaid Services estimated that the number of patients with polycythemia Vera is 22 per 100,000 respectively for the age-standardized prevalence and it is in addition estimated that on that point is a total of approximately 65,200 patients with polycythemia Vera applying the age-specific prevalence to the entire US population in 2003 which is the first assessed prevalence of polycythemia Vera in the double US population. Moreover, Brian J.S., et al (2004) stated that a comprehensive review reported the incidence of polycythemia Vera to be 2.3 per 100,000 each year worldwide. After a thorough diagnosis, the unassumingness of polycythemia Vera is undersc ored by the point that the median survival for untreated symptomatic patients is approximately six months to one and a half year and for treating patients, the median survival do-nothing be surprisingly prolonged to ab discover seven to fifteen years.Based on DoctorTipster (2011), there are a a couple of(prenominal) fixingss that may increase the find of developing polycythemia Vera. Firstly, aging is one of the required factors as the chances of developing polycythemia Vera grow with age. no(prenominal)mally people around the age of 60 years are more prone to this disease and it is but found in people who are under 20 years of age. Secondly, it is a fact that polycythemia Vera effects with predilection men and lesser in women by comparison. Thirdly, families with medical history is to a fault one of the gamble factors that gage lead to polycythemia Vera. Most cases of polycythemia Vera are not inherited, it is associated with genetic changes that are somatic, content t hat they acquire during a persons lifetime and are only give birth in certain electric stalls and not transmitted or passed down broadly speaking from parents to children. However, in rare instances family history of polycythemia Vera curiously relatives are said to be the cause for the increase of risk for developing the disease. In these families, the risk of developing polycythemia appears to drop an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Autosomal dominant inheritance marrow that one copy of an altered gene in each cell is sufficient to increase the risk of developing polycythemia Vera, although in these cases no actuating(prenominal) genes have been identified but these people seem to inherit an change magnitude risk of polycythemia Vera, not the disease itself. Last but not least, the env put rightmental nail downs or life flares also count as a risk factor as well as polycythemia Vera can occur due to incompatible life ports or even incompatible exposures to en vironmental conditions such as radiation. film to intense radiation may actually increase the risk for the condition or even trigger the disease because the main reason for the culture of disease is genetic novelty. Lack of exercise or un healthy pabulum will only aggravate the body conditions as most of the people nowadays are already in bad shape because of neglecting health care for work and stress.Pr Jean B. (2010), stated that the main semen of de terminationining an individual either with or without polycythemia Vera is storeyd on whether the mutation occurred in the bodys genes which is the major cause of polycythemia Vera. Polycythemia Vera happens because of the forep device of abnormal clonal radix cell expansion that suppresses the growth and maturation of normal stem cell which is a somatic mutation known as JAK2-V617F parkly in exon 14 of the JAK2 gene or in exon 12 which is less common. However, exactly what causes the mutation is still a matter of debate. Th e presence of a V617F or a mutation of the JAK2 gene can be diagnosed because the gene actually functions to make a protein that aids the body in producing product line cells and so there will be an elevation in the amount of white rail flair line cells, platelets, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and most of all the red split cell mass which is about 125% greater compared with the normal. As a result, the relationship will become thicker and harder to pump which is very dangerous as it can relate to he subterfuge attack, stroke, and other health diseases.Almost all of the health problems associated with polycythemia Vera are cause by the pitch of the individual world remarkably thick due to overproduction of red rip cells in the body. The disease is more common in the elderly and can be either symptomatic or asymptomatic. TheFreeDictionary (2013), stated that normally there will be common signs and symptoms such as itching and severe burning upset in the reach or feet accompanied b y a rubicund and bluish colouration of the skin most alike(p)ly on the face. Unfortunately, patients with polycythemia Vera are also likely to develop gouty blindistic concepthritis. As the development of polycythemia Vera is sooner slow, signs and symptoms might not show for years. Therefore, the disease is lots found out when a blood test is make for other purposes. However, when the signs and symptoms are present due to the thickness of the blood slowing down the flow of oxygenated blood to all collide withice of the body and this will lead to many sidetracks of the body un competent to function properly with insufficient oxygen. As a result, one may experience headaches, dizziness, blurred or double vision, precipitancy of breath, numbness, itchiness especially aft(prenominal) bathing with hot water, fatigue, and more. any commissions that, there are actually levels or phases where symptoms or effects are shown at various stages. The symptoms of the early polycy themia Vera may be minimal so it is not unusual for the disease to be discovered easily. Patients often experience symptoms like headaches, confusion or impaired memories, breathing difficulty, giddiness, vomiting, hypertension and more than more which people would treat them like a minor or a common issue. In some patients early symptoms allow in unusual dour bleeding from minor cuts, nosebleeds, pain in the bone, or stomach ulcers but there are a few cases the first symptoms is the development of blood clots in an unusual p maneuver of the circulatory system such as the liver. As the disease develops, the patients may have episodes of thrombosis or hemorrhage where the fact that thrombosis is the most frequent cause of death from polycythemia Vera. bleak(prenominal) complications overwhelm a high concentration of uric acid in the blood which increases the risk of acquire other diseases. About 10% of the patients eventually develop gout and the other 10% develop peptic ulcer s. Based on MayoClinic (2012), one of the effects of polycyhemia Vera is ca exploitation the spleen to be greatly enlarged also known as splenomegaly as the spleen aids the body against infections and drivel unwanted materials such as old or damaged blood cells. With the increased number of blood cells caused by polycythemia Vera, the spleen intends to work harder than normal which leads to spleen enlargement and the patients spleen may even be able to fill the entire left side of the abdomen as time goes on. Therefore, the patients might have the feeling of fullness or bloated in the f number left part of the abdomen.Where there is a problem, there will incessantly be solutions to overcome it. According to the BodyandHealth.canada.com (1997), polycythemia Vera is treated with procedures, medicines, and some other discourses. A person with polycythemia Vera may need one or more treatments to campaign on this disease. The actual goals of treating this blood disease are to cont rol the symptoms and reduce the risk of complications especially heart failure and stroke so in rules of order to achieve the target, the treatments for polycythemia Vera reduce the number of erythrocytes and the level of hemoglobin in the blood which will make the thickness of the blood to be much contiguous to normal, thus reducing the chances of blood clots in the blood vessels. For this disease, the most recommended treatment is phlebotomy. Phlebotomy is a procedure that removes some blood from the body by inserting a needle into one of the veins and channels the blood into a unfertilised container via an airtight tube which is quite similar to the abut of blood donation. with this treatment, the red blood cell count is reduced and this brings the thickness of the blood pissedr to normal. Typically, 1 unit of blood which is around 350ml is removed per hebdomad until the hematocrit level which is the measure of how much space red blood cells occupied in the blood falls back to normal and this accomplish is normally carried out every few months. The next treatment involves medications, the doctors may prescribe certain medicines for causa hydroxyurea and interferon-alpha that prevents the bone marrow from making way too many red blood cells. Hydroxyurea is a medicine generally used in treating cancer, it has the ability to reduce the number of red blood cells and platelets in the blood whereas interferon-alpha is a substance that our bodies ordinarily produces to prompt our tolerant system to fight against active bone marrow cells. Moreover, radiation treatment is also available as it can help to suppress overactive bone marrow cells which prevent them from making red blood cells uncontrollably but this treatment is less recommended by doctors as the radiation treatment can increase the risk of leukaemia or other blood diseases. other treatment is by taking aspirin as aspirin can relieve bone pain and the burning sensation in the hands and feet d ue to polycythemia Vera. In addition, aspirin also has the function to dilute blood so besides relieving pains it also thins the blood causing the blood to flow better in the blood vessels. However, taking aspirin can have side effects without the controlling the amount or dosage. For those who cannot withstand the itching caused by polycythemia Vera, the doctor may also prescribe ultraviolet illumination light treatment to relieve the itching.As preventions are better than cure, it is perpetually a better choice not to rely too much on medications or drugs when solving problems related to health but bear witness using other methods instead if possible. According to the NasionalHeartLungBloodinstitution (2011), people with polycythemia Vera should bath using cool water as it helps to reduce the irritation of the skin. Then, always cogitate to pat the body dry gently aft(prenominal) bathing because diligent rubbing with a towel can also irritate the skin as well. Lastly, one ca n also take starch baths by adding half a box of starch to a tub of lukewarm water because starch baths can actually help to soothe the skin. Besides taking trivial measures in daily activities, there are other ways to prevent or reduce the risk of one getting polycythemia Vera. First of all mode evaluate physical activities such as go and stretching is required to maintain a healthy heart rate and to improve blood flow in the body. By improving the blood flowing in the body, the risk of blood clots can be minimized. pursuance a healthy lifestyle can lower the risk of heart and lung disease, also will help to prevent one from developing secondary winding polycythemia. roughtimes, secondary polycythemia can be prevented by avoiding activities that will deprive our bodies of oxygen for long periods such as mountain climbing, smoking or other vigorous activities and sports.As a conclusion, polycythemia Vera is a chronic, and dangerous disease that can be very much fatal if not diag nosed and treated well. Although this disease has no cure, at least until today but the treatments provided will be able to help control the disease and its complications thus prolong more lives. However, it is wiser that we as the owner of our own health should bear most of the responsibilities earlier than just relying on doctors and medicines when problems arise as an ounce of prevention is expense a pound of cure.Movements in Films An overviewMovements in Films An overviewNeoclassicismNeoclassicism (began after 1750) was a revitalisation of Greek and Roman art a direct reply to the surplusage of Baroque and Rococo styles. During the American and french Revolutions, the political atmosphere began to arguing towards an Age of Reason and Enlightenment. With perceptiveness for classical Roman and Greek art renewed after excavations of Herculaneum and Pompei, efforts for style to accompany philosophy caused an inevitable bring forth to the classics.During this period, the subject matter often accept a reverence for personality, usage and the classics, clean-living set (such as nationalism and courage), along with a distrust for innovation. Early work of artificers such as Jean August Dominique Ingres and especially Jacques-Louis David encompassed the thematic elements associated with Neoclassicism. Jacques-Louis Davids Oath of the Horatii can be considered as a twist point for the beginning of the neoclassic style. The samaraing possesses many qualities synonymous with neoclassicism. It is a tribute to Roman history, depicting three men with intense, dramatic and contrasted lighting, dismissness of the characters invents/ gestures, and a deliberately open composition. Davids Death of Marat is another example of a theatrical tour that combines a balanced composition and symbolism (martyrdom) with the moral undertone of the blushering. Two other examples of Neoclassicist paintings are Napoleon I on his Imperial Throne and La Grande Odal isque.RomanticismRomanticism ( early-mid nineteenth century) was in reaction to Neoclassicism. Characteristics of Romanticist paintings include painterly brushstrokes, a clear display of sense, spirit, and diagonals. Some examples of this grapheme of art includes Liberty Leading the wad and Death of Sardanpalus by Eugne Delacroix where his practiced use of expressive brushstrokes is make visible. Liberty Leading the People is an example of a romanticized symbol of France. several(predicate) social classes can be seen in French Romanticism, where the dead, dying, stronger, and strongest are specifically allocated by means ofout the effect. opposite examples of Romanticist art includes The Raft of Medusa and even out Landscape with an Aquaduct by Thodore Gricault.British Romanticism was more focused on using clean abstraction to help pull in expression. Examples include J.M. W. Turners Burning of Parliament and Rain, Steam and Speed The Great westbound Railway. This thea trical role of use of ochre and white streaks was common, along with pastoral elements. buns Constables The Hay Way and Dedham Vale are both other examples of British Romanticism. This type of art was easy to look at for the viewer. realnessRealism (mid nineteenth century) was stoold by a French group cal conduct the Barbizon School. Like the chance upon implies a dedication to trying to capture the details through and through musing was an physical objective for the French Realists. Examples include char with a Pearl and Venise, La Piazzetta. Realists did not necessarily try to re bring to pass what was directly in trend of them, adjusting the situation to ready an ideal human being was common and more practical. Other examples include Jean-Franois Millets The Sower and The Gleaners. These types of works inspired the (post) impressionists that would see these exhibited paintings later on. Realism in ornaments is also seen in Courbets works, such as Plage de Normandie and Self-por mark (The Desperate Man)ImpressionismImpressionism (1870s -1880s) was a term created from the first proposed Impressionist work, Claude Monets Impression, Sunrise. Characteristics of this type of painting includes the appreciation of art history, and an admiration upon light. Brush strokes are visible despite not being bold. Moments are captured, and time is a proportionality that is fundamental in this type of art. another(prenominal) example of a Monet that reflects Impressionisms characteristics well is Woman with a Parasol. Impressionism was a style that became highly developed, every brushstroke had its place, working with a highly selective palette. Edgar take New Orleans Cotton Exchange and The Dance Class are two famous examples of Impressionism. These paintings of ballet dancers became synonymous with the travail. Music in the Tuileries and The dejeuner on the Grass by douard Manet both further display this type of freeze-frame feeling. There is a certain ser enity to this sweat, and though the technique is variable, it lastly results in a soft feel to the painting. The female figure was also often in the foreground of these pieces due to the political atmosphere, and the type of inclination they helped establish within a piece.Post-ImpressionismPost-Impressionism was a term coined by Roger electric razor for one of Manets later exhibits. After no all-night accepting the fair subject matter, and lack of compositional take formatting in Impressionism, Post-Impressionist artists came up with their own ways to restore some more of the traditional compositional values into paintings. Georges Seurat used pointillism, a technique using dots of colour to allow them to expire into new colors through optical illusion, in his pieces such as Circus Sideshow and Le Chahut. Vincent Van Gogh used raw emotion and expressive brushstrokes in his pieces (Ex Starry Night over the Rhone and Sunflowers, two of the most recognizable post-impressionist works) to recreate his own life and all the depressions that were contained within it. Other examples include Henri de Toulouse-Lautrecs At the Moulin Rouge Two Women Waltzing and Quadrille at the Moulin Rouge.Late 19th Century ArchitectureJoseph Paxtons piece The Crystal Palace was a reaction to the Industrial Revolution, a piece that was the result of a performance off from traditional materials such as wood. Rather, a progression towards steel and new, more advanced materials was created. The Eiffel Tower (named after its engineer Gustave Eiffel) is another example of this type of architecture. An internation symbol for France, the tower is an engineering marvel, despite its intense criticism. Using strictly steel for the structure of the body, it is an exploration of the new materials available during the era.Early twentieth Century ArchitectureThis type of architecture was a direct crosstie with Bauhaus. artworkists such as Frank Lloyd Wright began exploring functional fo rms, and houses being living machines guide to the creation of his works such as Falling Water, The Robie House and The Walter Fale House. The immediately roofs and cantilever systems were brand new ideas in this type of art. Other examples include Le Corbusiers Centre Le Corbusier and Villa Savoye. Walter Gropius and Mies Van Der Rohe also explored the new possibilities created by mechanization and factories. (covered in Bauhaus)SuprematismSuprematism (which began in 1915) was a purely Russian art movement was devised by Kasimir Malevich as an era dedicated to geometric forms. exposure was reduced to ideas belonging to a supreme reality that embodied the union of purity. This was a period that intersected cubo-futurism and (but came slightly before) Suprematism. Lyubov commenceova was another important artist during this movement and a member of Malevichs Supremus group. His philosophy was that art should be reduced into a spiritual essence that exceeds the limits of religion and attains the supremacy of pure emotion. These paintings were minimal and done in a linear fashion.Malevichs Suprematist Composition vacuous on White is the ultimate example of Suprematism. After much experimentation with the tilting of a quadrilateral within a 4-dimensional frame and tampering with the relationship between art and science, the result was an incredibly pure painting using two sunglasses of white. other example would be Malevichs Black Square.ConstructivismConstructivism (1919-1934), literally meaning to constrain was a disciplinary artistic style that rose during the Russian Revolution. The new Communist order had decided to progress the ideas uninflected Cubism into the third dimension through sculpture. Contemporary, industrial materials such as glass, steel, wood, plastic were used in order to create engineering feats that were beyond art for arts sake. The movement was highly developed by Vladmir Tatlin, Naum Gabo, and Aleksander Rodchenko, the latter two who officially coined the term. According to Tatlin and his followers, these constructions were actually four-dimensional. Since they implied motion, they also implied time.The most recognizable piece of Constructivism was Tatlins attempt to create The Monument to the Third International. Meant to be constructed out of glass, iron and steel, it was hoped to have been a tower to supersede the Eiffel Tower in Paris. Even if the technology to create the monument had been available, there would most likely have been little to no structural practicality to it. In this type of utilitarian construction art, beauty is combine with some type of function or geometry a twin spiral being the main structure, glass four suspended forms (a cube, pyramid, a hemisphere, and a cylinder) all have practical uses, and the entire piece consists of futuristic paths to carry people through the structure with mechanical devices.Naum Gabo was colleagues and friends with Tatlin, Wassily Kandinsky, and R odchenko. He began a new kind of plastic construction strung with nylon filament that comes very close to mathematical models. After looking for ties between art and science, the models he created in his Linear Construction series reflect upon modern physics that came after his time. Nylon threads are strung around a plexiglass base in an entirely mathematical arrangement. Contrary to many other constructivists, he partook in the movement in a purely spiritual sense. Gabo also had a strong interest in kinetic sculptures, which can be seen in his Revolving Torsion Fountain in London. With the main structure being made out of stainless steel, the contrastingly formless water is used as an integral moving element to complete the 4-dimensional composition. The jets pulsate at different levels, rotating and in particular rhythms. Selecting elements for specific purposes is a common trait of the mindset of a constructivist. public address systemDadaism (1916-1922) was a direct reaction to the absurdity of military man War I and the devastating amount of deaths it caused. This intellectual, anti-war movement ridiculed the disgusting parts of the world, such as the upper-class, rationale, and false nationalism and materialism. The name was selected randomly after flipping through a dictionary. This anti-art symbolized the opposite of everything that used to be considered aesthetically acceptable. Groups created in the name of Dada began forming, and the First German Dada manifesto was published.Marcel Duchamp was a pioneer in this movement, beginning the use of readymades or found objects, and labelling them as art. His famous Fountain is nothing but a signed urinal, but captures the spirit of Dada. A worthless object has been signed to turn it into art, and is now something of value. Time, effort, and composition are no longer necessarily take into consideration to create art. L.H.O.O.Q. (Duchamp) was also another readymade piece of art, that is a mockery of traditi onal art. The name of the piece implies some kind of sexual joke based off the pun that comes from the French variant of Elle a chaud au cul, translating into There is a fire down at a lower place or She has a hot ass. This variant of the Mona Lisa was created many times, always with a moustache and beard in pencil upon the androgynous figures face.Taking part in the anti-art and nihilistic movement, Man Ray also began using readymades along with more conventional forms of media. His piece The Gift is a combination of an iron with rows of tacks glued to the bottom of. The object combines two ordinary objects to create a sadistic range of a function and evokes a painful connection with the viewer. Another piece using a readymade by Ray is Indestructible Object. After photographing a attend of friend Lee Millers eye and placing it onto the moving pole of an analog metronome, Man Ray exhibited the piece naming it Object to Be Destroyed. In 1957, students destroyed his work, and af ter reconstructing, the piece was renamed Indestructible Object. Not only is the piece a part of Dada due to it being a readymade but the process and social criticism it received was expected from the movement. Acting against art, and wild for anti-art was a suitable response from viewersSurrealismSurrealism (began in the early 1920s) was a movement that succeeded Dada and contained many of the resembling artists. This cultural movement was highly influenced by the Freudian teach of thought and psychiatry, dreams, fantasies and political motivations (Marxism/Communism/Anarchism) change state a very intellectual reflection upon Parisian Nationalism, (sub)consciousness, and led to the creation of the Surrealist Manifesto. This movement to place across all media, such as painting, sculpture, photography, and film.The Surrealist Manifesto and the Second Manifesto of Surrealism were both written by Andre Breton. This poet was also a participant in the Dada movement, and at first prai sed automatic art and automatism of thoughts in art but later was more interested in narratives of dreams.The work of Salvador Dali is the quintessence of the period. His The Persistence of Memory is frighteningly realistic in terms of his technique like many of his other works, and uses symbols such as clocks, ants, and other unconscious creations. The reformation of a dream (in this case one of a paranoiac) on a canvas is the basis of most surrealist works. Another work that illustrates this Freudian idea of paranoia is Dalis Metamorphosis of Narcissus. The direct reflect of the arrant(a) Narcissus and the hand and egg is meant to recreate the feeling of paranoia when one mistakes one scenario for another.German ExpressionismGerman Expressionism (1905-1925) was a period of raw, emotional art that took place between wars, during the recovery of World War I. The Treaty of Versailles had just been signed, and Germany was in large debt. This era was dedicated towards reflecting upon the difficult economy through not only paintings, but mostly on film as well. This period was largely an influence on the Expressionism coming out of Germany at the same time. A cinematic example of a work of the era would be urban center by Fritz Lang. This science-fiction film was set in a relatable dystopia within a capitalist society where inter-class issues are the focus.Die Brucke was a group founded by four students specializing in architecture. These artists had no solid formal educations or school in art expect for some lessons. They worked cohesively and began a philosophical involve to bridge a bohemian life-style with a sense of impending disaster. They were the driving force behind this movement. Sexual tension was a common theme in these pieces such as in Ernst Ludgwig Kitchners Self portrayal with Model and Georges Roualts Head of Christ. Both simplify shapes and use raw, simple colours to create very heavy, dense atmospheres around the pieces.Der Blaue Reiter wa s another group of artists led by Kandinsky and Franz Marc that wanted to approach their art more spiritually. These idealists sought to hit German art and eventually used woodcuts as their patriotic medium. whole kit and caboodle from the group include Marcs The Tower of Blue Horses and Kandinskys Composition VII. This type of extreme and spiritual abstraction, and form simplification was part of the groups search for philosophical truth.FauvismFauvism (1904-1908), French for wild beasts, was a movement led by Henri Matisse and Andre Derain. Characteristics of the movement included bright areas of colour and flattening of form. The works were passionate and emotional with very painterly brush strokes and a focus on colour rather than realism.Matisses Woman with a Hat demonstrates this. Patches of colour surround the figure, and though a form is clear, there is definitely no focus upon trying to recreate what the artist saw directly. Rather, the colour scheme and interpretation o f the colours at the arcminute are more important. This type of simplified colour/ figures is also seen with Matissess The ecstasy of Life.Andre Derain had worked with Matisse, and works such as Charing Cross couple exhibit the same type of bright, simplified colours but in a landscape setting. His Self-portrait in studio also shows this type of simplification, but with darker colours and more depth. This was a possible lead in to some of the ideas in the hobby movement.The boldness in colour and distortions during Fauvism is thought to have been from the influence of Van Gogh and Gaugins exhibited works. This was an incredibly modern movement in the twentieth century.CubismAnalytic Cubism (1907-191) involves looking at the volume and space the structural unites from whicj to derive the faceted shapes of Analytic (or Facet) Cubism The facets are now so small and precise, more like prisms, and the canvas has the balance and refinement of a fully mature style There are high contra sts of texture and colour, monochromic palettes are common, and complex structures. Everything is broken down geometrically with sharp lines into cubistic forms. Synthetic Cubism (1912-1919) on the other hand was an alternative to Fauvism. fine artists such as George Braque fell into this category, after beginning in Fauvism. This is also known as collage cubism. ground level is flattened and there is a celebration of colour and the technique of collage.Some of Braques work in Analytic Cubism includes Violin, a piece that breaks apart a fiddle and is based off of a green hue, and The Mandolin, which focuses on different facets of a womans body practically disintegrating into sections. Picassos Still Life with Chair lambaste and Guitar, Sheet Music, and Wine Glass are two examples of synthetic cubism. There are frames of reference, and things have been broken down in a way where it looks as if the final product was created through images being cut and spreadhead on together.Bauh ausBauhas was a school of thought that was founded by Walter Gropius in Germany and after development from previous concepts, buildings, and schools, the Bauhaus school building existed between 1919 and 1933 and had moved through three different cities due to Nazi pressure. Important components and influences of Bauhas wereInternational Style, functionalityin terms of (architectural) engineering, and geometric design principles. The Industrial Revolution, favtories, mass production and manufacturing were also a part of the movement. After the movement, many schools based their buildings and programs off the school. In general, the schools influence upon architecture, engineering, and plan still impacts current lifestyles, presenting themselves everywhere in daily life (ex the contrivance of tubular steel, flat-roofed buildings).The original director and master of Bauhaus, Gropius was largely responsible for the F 51 Armchair and Sofa. Other creations in modern dcor by him include the D 51 and F 51-2. One of the later directors Ludwig Mies van der Rohe designed the Farnsworth house, 960-880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments, and Seagram building. every last(predicate) these buildings reflect upon his mission to advance architecture with the leaps in technology and industry, combining rationalism with spirituality. Universally known, his Barcelona Chair and queen is a modernistic icon that involves a twist upon Curule chairs and was manufactured/ targeted towards the common man market. Hannes Meyer was the second director of Bauhaus and was the first to help the school pass profit. He brought significant commission for the school, including creating building for the Gederal School of the German championship Unions in Bernau and five apartment buildings in Dessau.American kidnap ExpressionismAbstract expressionism (1940s-1950s) was the first entirely American-caused movement in direct reaction to World War II. Paint was put onto a surface to create pure art that had no narrative. Rather the pieces depended purely on line, form, surface, and the way paint acts. Harold Rosenberg described Pollock and other Abstract Expressionist canvases as an domain of a function in which to act. What was to go on the canvas was not a picture but an event. Many paintings were described as action paintings, in where the process and layering of the paint could be considered more interesting and important than the final product and composition itself. Mark Rothko would use chunks of paint to create his pieces, to create multiforms. This was his expose style and can be seen in No. 3/ No. 13. The canvas consists of only 6 colours in blocks. Another example is his painting No. 10. In contrast, Jackson Pollock often threw paint onto the surface, allowing it to do what paint does. His paintings No. 5, and Lavender are examples of his paint-throwing and recognizable fall techniques. Other examples of Abstract Expressionist works include Lee Krasners celebration and Little Image paintings, along with Barnett Newmans Onement 1and Whos Afraid of Red, Yellow, and Blue?Pop ArtPop art (began in mid 1950s) was based in Britain and the unite States. Pop art was a diurect reaction to the high intellectualism of Abstract Expressionism, often focusing upon ordinary objects and regular daily commodities. Subject matter often included objects such as soup cans, boxes, comic boos, photos, etc. Pop culture and the Hollywood scene was a major influence upon the art during this age of mechanical reproduction.Richard Hamiltons collage Just What Is it that Makes Todays Homes So Different, So charitable? is an iconic piece created from images from American magazines and is a reflection upon the economy, homes, and lifestyle of the time. Andy Warhols Campbells soup I and series used the American food staple as the subject to avoid competing with Roy Lichensteins comic strip pieces and his potential as a consumer, being solely dedicated to the brand and produ ct. Lictensteins infamous Whaamcontains an image of an American plane destroying an enemy jet. This comic-strip type of art was a reflection on the American lifestyle and the popularity of comic books during the age and the piece was based off an actual comic book panel. The piece tries not to develop a purposeful connection with the earreach, allowing viewers to develop their own thoughts and interpretation of the image and caption. Claes Oldenburg also used this idea of consumer products, and often create soft sculptures of telluric objects. Lipstick (Ascending) on Caterpillar Tracks involved an oversized lipstick that would forever deflate itself unless pumped by a viewer. Other pieces from the era include Oldenburgs Soft Bathtub (Model), Lichtensteins Drowning Girl, Hamiltons Interior and Warhols Brillo Box.Earth ArtDuring Earth Art (late 1960s into early 1970s), artists began a movement against the restrictive qualities of galleries and traditional exhibitions. A desire for an open canvas led to the use of nature as a medium. In reaction to consumerism and the vast commercialization of art, the reaction of these artists was to create something impossible to obtain by using only natural materials, commonly in an environment that could not be sold. As well, the temporary nature of most of these works would factor into how unfeasible it would be to attempt to purchase these works. Usually, these works can only exist through documentation as they are otherwise eradicated by time. Leading artist Robert Smithson created the Broken rotary and Spiral Jetty, two famous works that emerged during the period. Both pieces are protected, but nevertheless people still try to obtain parts of these works. Richard vast creates his pieces through walking upon paths entirely drawn from him. A Circle in Alaska Bering Straight Driftwood on the Arctic Circle and A Line make By Walking are two works both created through the pure interaction of his body and his earth. The y will only last until nature takes its course, a trademark of Earth art. Christo and his wife Jean Claude focused their works upon the form that the world takes up, and wanted people to see things in a new perspective. Through many wrapped pieces, they considered themselves to be bringing spiritual world beauty to certain environemtns. The Running Fence and the wrapping of Point Neuf Bridge are some incredibly recognizable pieces. Both are reflections upon the form of nature.MinimalismMinimalism (late 1960s-early 1970s) involved the belief that there should be no agenda for a piece but the piece should be centred on itself. This type of art implies true aesthetic value. Often the works are precise, mechanical, and ready to be manufactured in a factory setting. The pieces are repetitive with no symbolism and are modular. Contrasting colours, sharp outlines, and a basis on geometric forms and the frame of reference were also components of this style. This was also applicable in the s culptural aspects of the style. Materials for this type of sculpture was usually industrial, ex fiberglass, plastics/ other synthetics, metals. Donald Judds pieces are often untitled works that are simple and based purely on mathematics and geometry. This was also the same with Robert Morris. Richard Serra has a piece similar to one of Judds untitled works where a sculpture contains contains circles within circles at different tilts and heights. These were installations, however Solomon LeWitt focused more upon two dimensional pieces like Isometric Projection, Untitled (lithograph), and Tower. Serras The Matter Of Time and Fulcrum are sculptures based purely on untreated metals and steels.Performance Art circulating(prenominal) Performance Art began in the beginning of the first half of the 20th century. The movement was dedicated towards the history of theatre. However, by the 1970s, Performance Art was usually concentrated and combined efforts on Happenings and Conceptual Art with installations. Shock value, (self-) mutilation, clear sexuality, grotesque and unconventional humour. Audience interaction and breaking the fourth beleaguer was also quite common.Laurie Anderson is a musician who experiments not only in sound through playing the violin and piano, but with her performances as well. She created the tape-bow violin that is still used as an experimental type of instrument by artists and musicians today. In the 1970s she performed/ recorded a violin piece eyepatch performing until the block of ice of which she stood on with ice skates completely smooth away. Vito Acconci created an installation named Seedbed in which he was located beneath a wild leek at the Sonnabend Gallery, where he masturbated and created a speaker system to allow his speakers here his voice and thoughts. Joseph Beuys had some notable performances, particularly when he became involved with Fluxus temporarily. His performance, How to let off Pictures to a Dead Hare involved Beu ys speaking into the ear of a dead hare he held in his arms, while his boot had an habituated piece of iron, and his face was covered in honey and gold leaf. All these objects had a symbolic meaning and there was an intended intellectual center for his audience. This Fluxus movement involiving multi-media flow also produced member Yoko Ono. Her performance Cut member (which can also be considered a happening) involved the audience act through cutting her clothing off until she was naked. This allowed Ono to communicate her own feelings towards her audience through body and performance, rather than conventional mediums.