planet Of The Apes :: essays research papers

" artificial satellite of the Apes"James Burroughs is a critic. In his article, "The manufacture of ScienceFiction," he expresses his opinion that the movie, "Planet of the Apes," has novalue or real meaning for society today. He says it is like other similar acquisition fiction movies do in the 1960s because it is so out-of-date. He seemsto feel the only people that would enjoy "Planet of the Apes" are people whohave cryptograph better to do. I disagree with Mr. Burroughs.In the movie, "Planet of the Apes," military man did not possess wrangle, and asa result were dominated by apes. The significance of language is the main reason out I do not agree with Mr. Burroughs. Imagine the world if humans did nothave language. Life would not be as we know it today. assume how valuablelanguage would have been to the mutes in the movie. When they were being chasedand whipped like animals, would they not have been able to plot an escape to rid of ca pture and chains by the apes if they had been able to communicate?Yes, they would have been free to live as equals. The apes and the humans wouldhave been co-inhabitants of the earth rather than creatues in a superior-inferior relationship. "Planet of the Apes" is a perfect example of whylanguage is so important.Another reason I am disputing Mr. Burroughs opinion of this movie is its sanitary message concerning how humans were treated by apes. When we watched"Planet of the Apes," we cannot fail to notice the mutes are treated. They werebeaten, battered and bruised they were attacked and assaulted worst of all,they were degraded, disgraced and caged like animals. This is not how humans oranimals should be treated. Animals should be revered and respected, for we areall Gods creatures.Finally, I disagree with Mr. Burroughs because this movie made us thinkabout how we may be designate for self-destruction. "Planet of the Apes" has avaluable message concerning o ur fate. Remember when the flower was found by theastronauts as the first sign of life on the "new" artificial satellite? Picture the "museum"and the lecture human doll found in the cave. The Statue of Liberty scene had aplanet Of The Apes essays research papers "Planet of the Apes"James Burroughs is a critic. In his article, "The Fiction of ScienceFiction," he expresses his opinion that the movie, "Planet of the Apes," has novalue or real meaning for society today. He says it is like other similarscience fiction movies made in the 1960s because it is so out-of-date. He seemsto feel the only people that would enjoy "Planet of the Apes" are people whohave nothing better to do. I disagree with Mr. Burroughs.In the movie, "Planet of the Apes," humans did not possess language, and asa result were dominated by apes. The significance of language is the mainreason I do not agree with Mr. Burroughs. Imagine the world if humans did nothave language. Life would not be as we know it today. Consider how valuablelanguage would have been to the mutes in the movie. When they were being chasedand whipped like animals, would they not have been able to plot an escape toavoid capture and imprisonment by the apes if they had been able to communicate?Yes, they would have been free to live as equals. The apes and the humans wouldhave been co-inhabitants of the earth rather than creatues in a superior-inferior relationship. "Planet of the Apes" is a perfect example of whylanguage is so important.Another reason I am disputing Mr. Burroughs opinion of this movie is itsstrong message concerning how humans were treated by apes. When we watched"Planet of the Apes," we cannot fail to notice the mutes are treated. They werebeaten, battered and bruised they were attacked and assaulted worst of all,they were degraded, disgraced and caged like animals. This is not how humans oranimals should be treated. Animals shoul d be revered and respected, for we areall Gods creatures.Finally, I disagree with Mr. Burroughs because this movie made us thinkabout how we may be destined for self-destruction. "Planet of the Apes" has avaluable message concerning our fate. Remember when the flower was found by theastronauts as the first sign of life on the "new" planet? Picture the "museum"and the talking human doll found in the cave. The Statue of Liberty scene had a

Philosophy is Important :: College Admissions Essays

Philosophy is ImportantEverybody has something to learn about Philosophy. With the numerous different courses avail qualified to students at State University, one will always be able to find new and pertinent information not covered before in previous classes. This assures students that they will not be forced to take a class that is primarily review. By requiring students to take philosophy courses, the aim is guaranteeing they get the full education they deserve. Philosophy is important because it helps to mature the whole person, instead of circumscribe them in a specialization of a particular field of study.College is where people go to discover themselves, and at times people just need a little nudge to get them going in the right direction. Philosophy introduces students to different styles of thinking, teaching them to think smarter and better. The class Critical Thinking, for example, explains how to create and use clear, rational arguments, presenting a skill useful in ot her many college classes, as well as a practical tool outside of school.High school does not offer enough philosophy classes to equip the average students for the rest of their lives. Therefore, to obtain gameer-level philosophical training, one must attend college. Not many high school seniors ar well versed in philosophical systems that are taught in a philosophy 201 class offered at State. Despite their importance, ethics are barely covered in high school classes. Training in ethics helps one identify the correct principles of conduct as accepted by specific professions, and humanity as a whole.When coming to college, students need to supplement their knowledge base with philosophy. Gonzaga University offers many philosophy courses for the incoming student.

Lord of the Rings: Two Towers vs. Harry Potter: Prisoner of Azkaban Com

Lord of the Rings Two Towers vs. molest putter around Prisoner of Azkaban ComparisonIn the two novels, Lord of the Rings The Two Towers and Harry Potter The Prisoner of Azkaban, by J.K. Rowling, there is a distinct relationship that is created through the idea that there be the chosen individuals are the only ones that keep save the world. The first novel, Lord of the Rings The Two Towers is a novel generally focusing on uniting Middle Earth, a landmark used to describe the human world, to defeat the enemy forces of barbarous controlled by a character described as pure evil named NAME. The actions of one elfin hobbit name Frodo Baggins, a race similar to humans, that will in fact determine the outcome of who is triumphant not the actions of the hundreds of thousands of soldiers protecting the vast armies of Saruman.Although authors style is completely different, considering the novels were written in separate generations, you could find many comparisons when relating back to t he idea of good versus evil. In the second novel, Harry Potter The Prisoner of Azkaban, there is a young boy named Harry Potter, whose parents were famous wizards but were allegedly murdered by an evil wizard named Sirius Black. His past is perpetually being reminded to Harry, as news that Sirius Black has escaped from prison and is seeking out Harry. Harry and his close friends set out of an adventure to find the justice and lies of his past, only to uncover more treachery, lies, and deception.These chosen heroes often follow a collective unconscious 1, meaning that patterns emerge in all good versus disobedient scenarios that are generally alike. There is the heros beginning, where a character is destined to do great things but is constantly in a cope for power, the call to adventure, where heroes become real important is given a chance to prove himself, and the reward, when a character successfully completes his quest, there is some form of gladness and celebration 2. Regar dless of overwhelming odds to defeat evil, the forces of good call for reprisal, uniting their forces to defeat the enemy.In heros beginning, the characters are introduced as very important and are going to serve a purpose, greater than him self which indefinitely will lead to the next stage of a heros recognized stature. Although it may not be evident at a specific time, ... ...d ensure peace for the future. Their goals were separate, but the reward of pride, respect and honor are generally the same among heroes.The heroes share very many qualities, but it is their differences that set them aside from each other. Harry Potter and Frodo Baggins would be considerable adversaries consider how hard they tried to achieve their goal. Not once did they stop because they were scared, not once did they turn around because they were tired, not once did they doubt the people that mattered to them. Frodo and Harry may be some different time periods, even in their fictionist world, and even the novels were written in different generations, but the idea of good triumphing over evil rules.So you are still asking yourself, What makes a hero? The general answer that can be given is based around the principals that good is combat to eliminate the ghastly. In both of the novels, not only are the heroes the heroes, but the people that do not get the gratification. The people that help out the briny characters are just as important than people like Harry Potter and Frodo Baggins, but the elimination of evil is a reward that can be justified by anyone.

The Matrix Essay -- essays research papers

Im sitting in a chair, talking to a man that Ive wanted to know for a long time. His ca-ca is Morpheus I know that he knows more than I do about the world and how it works. Now its my turn, in each of his hands in that respect is a pill, in one theres a red pill and in the other a blue pill. The red pill volition have me further my knowledge and the true nature of things volition be revealed. The blue pill stops any further knowledge and my perception of things will remain unchanged. I take the red pill. Why do I take the red pill?First of all, lets consider the substance I am. I am a very nosy person who likes taking chances and risks. If Im given a glimpse of what is real how digest I go back? Im curious as to what lies ahead. For Morpheus to po...

Drug Education Essay -- Addictions Teaching Essays

Drug Education (1) There is much controversy regarding the war on drugs in America today. It has become a growing furbish up for parents, educators, politicians, etc. There is no question that education can play a major role in decreasing the drug problem. But thither is some disagreement over whether schools or parents are much effective in steering children away from drugs. (2) Some experts believe the schools anti-drug classs are effective. Two universal programs are Drug Abuse Resistance Education ( hardiness), and the School Program to Educate and Control Drug Abuse (SPECA). The project Dare and SPECA programs use uniform police officers to inform students in 5th, 6th and 7th grade about the risks of drugs, and how to avoid negative peer pressure (DeJong 109). William DeJong ,who is an analyst for the Education Development Center, has disposed(p) this study for the National Institute of Justice (Bernards 108). (3) DeJong based his studies on surveys conducted by Evaluation and Training Institute in Los Angeles. He found that students who participated in the Dare programs had improved knowledge, attitudes and self-esteem as compared to students who did not participate in the program. DeJong also conducted a study for the National Institute of Justice, which compared the effectiveness of the Dare drug program to a control group of students that did not participate in the drug program. The study followed students from sixth grade to seventh grade .He reports that students who participated in the Dare programs report significantly lower incidences of drug use. Students also stated that they would refuse drugs using the strategies learned from the anti-drug programs. The Criminal Justice Center of the John Jay Co... ...s to me that if we could resolve the issue, we would have more agreement about -- and be more effective at -- directing limited financial resources Should the governments money (i.e.,our money) be used to fund school programs, o r to educate and help parents? Resolution might also either warrant schools of the responsibility, thereby placing more social pressure on parents to handle their children, or absolve the parents. This information could have been presented in the introductory paragraph, in a background paragraph right after the introduction, or in the conclusion. Here again, however, I motif to take into consideration the circumstances of the assignment. Ms. Yoder did not choose to read or write about the drug war-- that was part of the assignment. She may not be curiously interested in the topic. That circumstance changes, of course, in Major Paper 5.

Drug Education Essay -- Addictions Teaching Essays

Drug Education (1) There is much controversy regarding the war on drugs in America today. It has become a growing headache for parents, educators, politicians, etc. There is no question that education can play a major role in decreasing the drug problem. But thither is some disagreement over whether schools or parents are more than effective in steering children away from drugs. (2) Some experts believe the schools anti-drug classs are effective. Two familiar programs are Drug Abuse Resistance Education ( take for granted), and the School Program to Educate and Control Drug Abuse (SPECA). The project Dare and SPECA programs use provide police officers to inform students in 5th, 6th and 7th grade about the risks of drugs, and how to avoid negative peer pressure (DeJong 109). William DeJong ,who is an analyst for the Education Development Center, has prepared this study for the National Institute of Justice (Bernards 108). (3) DeJong based his studies on surveys cond ucted by Evaluation and Training Institute in Los Angeles. He found that students who participated in the Dare programs had improved knowledge, attitudes and self-esteem as compared to students who did not participate in the program. DeJong also conducted a study for the National Institute of Justice, which compared the effectiveness of the Dare drug program to a control group of students that did not participate in the drug program. The study followed students from sixth grade to seventh grade .He reports that students who participated in the Dare programs account significantly lower incidences of drug use. Students also stated that they would refuse drugs using the strategies learned from the anti-drug programs. The Criminal Justice Center of the John Jay Co... ...s to me that if we could resolve the issue, we would have more agreement about -- and be more effective at -- directing limited financial resources Should the governments money (i.e.,our money) be used to fund school p rograms, or to educate and help parents? Resolution might also either discharge schools of the responsibility, thereby placing more social pressure on parents to handle their children, or absolve the parents. This information could have been presented in the introductory paragraph, in a background paragraph right after the introduction, or in the conclusion. Here again, however, I indispensableness to take into consideration the circumstances of the assignment. Ms. Yoder did not choose to read or write about the drug war-- that was part of the assignment. She may not be peculiarly interested in the topic. That circumstance changes, of course, in Major Paper 5.

Discuss the Future of Human Geography with Reference to the Approaches That Have Emerged Since the 1950s

Discuss the future(a) of human geographics with reference to the approaches that have emerged since the 1950s. Geography found its roots during occlusives of exploration when mans knowledge of the world was take over subject to the imagination. For many decades, Europe and the British Empire in particular formed much of what cartography is today, and environmental determinism was widely employ to serve imperialistic needs. Many ideas and theories were highly influenced and composed by upper class academics and soon critiques were formed. During the mid 1930s, environmental determinism lost much of its stay and regional geography throw off into to favour.Soon however, regional geography was also criticised due to its limiting scope and constricting laws. This resulted in post war geography entering a dark period with a dwindling future due the feeling of the subjects uselessness. Geography progressed healthy since the founding of the AAG and each well-known definition had its success. These definitions tended to aim to fire iodin another turn by turn and each definition spoke fewthing true of geography but soon from the vantage point of the future we also saw the failures in them (W. Pattinson, 1964).Each definition had its own shortcomings and that was a result of professional specialization of certain fields yet cool it contributing to geography as a whole. however during the late 1950s to early 1960s the quantitative revolution shifted the paradigm of spatial geography. Many saw that geography was losing support and it certainly was in universities, Harvard abolished the subject in 1948. Geography and the disciplines related to the subject needed to turn to physical and engineering sciences for the vitality it lacked (A. Strahler). Therefore the subject entered a far to a greater extent scientific era and soon gained greater credibility as a result.Essentially this revolution led to a change from idiographic geography to law-making geography. Two of the leading geographers in the revolution were Richard Hartsthorne and Fred Schaefer. Hartsthornes manifesto for the discipline depicted the discipline as a coherent academic subject that used formulae to map landforms as well as to describe areas. However, Hartshtorne was heavily criticised for being overly descriptive and unnecessary. Schaefer argued that there was a need for the subject to be enured as a proper science, in particular he said there was a need for scientific analysis and not mere translation.He wanted generalisations to be bought back into geography such as systematic analysis. Soon other definitions were being discredited during this paradigm shift such as military geopolitics (F. Ratzel) because geography had become more scientific. A few definitions were created to try and distinguish what geography was and where it was. Richard Hartsthornes publication in 1939 spurred geography on to be far more scientific and law based. Hartsthorne defined 3 variable s humans, landscape and industry which became apart of his overcomplicated formulas that described regions and features.His findings were put away heavily influenced by spatial geography causing them to be restricted by laws that allowed no room for human geographers to present their views. In a sense, you could take this as a positive, in that Hartsthorne was difficult to unify geography under one banner but as we have seen over time, this is against the nature of the discipline. This numerical approach sparked other geographers to think of a more descriptive angle that asked more, wherefore things happen. William D. Pattinsons journal titled the Four Traditions of Geography classifies geography into 4 distinctly logical areas.Originally written in 1964 and then revisited in 1990, Pattinson tries to distinguish geography into to 4 areas, 3 of which are applied to human geography and the 4th is mainly physical yet still linked to the aforementioned 3. The 4 traditions as defined by Pattinson are Spatial, Area Studies, Earth science and man-land and although they are 4 diverse and distinctive they still fall under the same heading of geography. Pattinson hoped that through a widened willingness to conceive of and discuss the field in terms of these traditions, geography will be break down able to secure the inner unity and outer intelligibility (W.Pattinson, 1964). This approach to geography aimed to quell the discourse that was plethoric within geography and tried to pave a clearer way for geographies future. On the other hand, thinking in such a law-based manner, restricts dynamic thinking, which is where human geography draws its strengths. I felt that Pattinson still asked more how than why but he certainly helped promote the growth of geography. Subsequently, The Big Questions was an article written to try and stimulate thoughts of for the future as well as act to gain the attention of the media and the public eye. Susan L.Cutter, Reginald Golledge a nd William L. Graff wanted to create a dialogue for the future whilst tackling questions that already plagued the discipline of geography. As for the future of geography, this article ask some thought provoking questions such as when does geography start and finish? (S. L. Cutter, R. Golledge, W. L. Graff, 2002) and what are likely to be the major problems of doing the geography of other planets? (S. L. Cutter, R. Golledge, W. L. Graff, 2002) If we are to settle or even begin to answer these questions, we must draw upon the past and in particular what has transgressed over the 60 years.Over these years of the evolution of geography course resulted in a greater divide between physical and human geography. As a result of different approaches to geography emerging from the 50s, physical geography had grounded its roots in the universities of the UK and human geography was also doing well with a similar level of success. Towards the end of the 20th century, physical geography had had a snatch of successes and was frequently having science groups works published in the pages of Nature or Science (N. thrift, 2002).Human geography was also finding success in its own right. Human geographers were having their works published in numerous credited journals. However the problem that was arising was that geography needed to branch itself out, away from its own travel community. So in order to evolve and adapt to its every changing environment, geography took a technological leap forward. After the terrorist attacks of September 11th 2001, untried interest emerged in geographic information systems (GIS) to help with the response to hazardous events (S. L. Cutter, R. Golledge, W. L.Graff, 2002). As a result of this, large public interest began to become prevalent in geography, maybe not necessarily as an academic subject but as an overall discipline. An example of this can be seen in online phenomenon contact the Haiti earthquake of 2010. Within days of the hazard o ccurring, the people of Haiti created a real time map via Openstreetmap thus allowing the emergency services to act quickly to erect areas. This is an impressive display of how geography is being used to engage the mass audience as well as being an effective tool in saving lives.Geographic information systems are now playing a vital role in hazard response and in devising hazard maps. Nigel sparing thoroughly supports the idea that in order for geography to flourish it needs to move away from traditional mapping techniques and into the realm of the media, social networking and politics. This means output geographies scope and broadening its audience. Thrifts example of this involves aligning professional geography and pedagogical geography. He talks of the combination of technology and geography to enhance the learning of school day children and therefore give geography a greater impact in the educational system.The geographers Ian Cook and Peter Jackson and the anthropologist D anny Miller are in the solve of trying to get commodity chains introduced into schools (N. Thrift 2002). These commodity chains allow students to gain an appreciation of where they products they buy, come from. I feel that projects like this one are important for the future of geography, as education is key in producing the next generation of geographers. This concern is dominant in Ron Johnstons Reflections on Nigel Thrifts optimism political strategies to implement his vision.Johnston reflects on what Thrift has written and flags up the concerns of geographies future in oppose to Thrifts optimistic ideas of the future. He opens his article by stating The future of an academic discipline after which he goes on to devise three factors that underpin a subjects survival. What I derived from Johnstons review of Thrift was that for geography to thrive, it needs to be constantly vigilante in its up keep with other academic disciplines as well as public interest. If we look to the past w e can see this is true, numerous definitions were devised and adapted to keep up with the changing times.Overall, I feel the future of geography needs to define and ground itself, as a discipline whilst at the same time being dynamic in its approach to the future. Concerns have been increase as to the sustainability of the subject in an academic sense but if we look to the past we can see that geography has always adapted and moved on. But if we move away from the sustainability of the subject, I think that technology is the way forward, especially in grasping the attention of the mass media as well as its audience. It has shown in recent times it can be very effective in hazard response as well as everyday life.Representation of data has neer been easier with new software constantly being developed to make this task easier. To ensure the vitality of their discipline, geographers are going to need to take a more political approach if they want sustained funding and interest. Word Count 1568 References Cutter S. L, Golledge R. , Graff W. L, (2002) The Big Questions in Geogarphy, The Professional Geographer, 543, 305-317 Hartshorne R 1939 The Character of regional Geography in Agnew J, Livingstone DN and Rogers A (eds) 1996 Human Geography an Essential Anthology Oxford Blackwell. Pp. 388-397 Johnston, R. 2002) Reflections on Nigel Thrifts optimism political strategies to implement his vision Geoforum 33 421-425 Ratzel, F. (1894) Volkerkunde vol. 2 Schaefer F K 1953 Exceptionalism in geography a methodological examination Annals of the Association of American Geographers 43 226-249. Strahler. A, (1952) Dynamic basis of geomorphology,The Quantitative renewal, GG3012(NS) Lecture 4, University of Aberdeen, 2011, webpage http//homepages. abdn. ac. uk/n. spedding/pages/gg3012/qrev. html Thrift, N. ,(2002) The future of geography. Geoforum 33, 291298. Pattinson, W. (1964) The Four Traditions, Journal of Geography pp. 202 206

Franz Kafka Essay

Franz Kafka was innate(p) in Prague on July 3rd 1883, a German-speaking Jew. His fuck off was a large, dominating man named Hermann. A lot of his work reflected his hatred for his father, in the play Metamorphosis and also in Letter to His Father, which reflects his feelings of inferiority and enate rejection. His work was not of one specific genre. His work was of fantasies, dreams and human suffering. It was eclectic. Dying of Tuberculosis after the First World War, he wanted his work to be burnt upon his death, but his friend, Max Brod realised their potential and published them contrary to his wishes.His three most renowned pieces of work were The Trial, The Castle and Amerika. Kafkas three sisters tout ensemble perished in German concentration camps. The themes of Kafkas work are the loneliness, frustration, and oppressive guilt of an individual threatened by anonymous forces beyond his comprehension or control. In literary technique, his work has the qualities some(prenomi nal) of expressionism and of surrealism. Kafkas lucid style, blending reality with fantasy and tinged with ironic humour, contributes to the nightmarish, claustrophobic effect of his work.Like in his celebrated long short story Metamorphosis where Gregor Samsa, a hardworking insurance agent, awakens to find that he has turned into an enormous insect. Rejected by his family, he is left field to die alone. Simulating the situation in his own home, it seems that Kafka based Gregor around himself. Mr. Samsa also seems to be represented as Hermann Kafka, Franzs own dominating father. Kafka was heavily influenced by religion.As a Jew in his snip, there were huge effects of anti-Semitism on their race, although Hitlers rule over Germ all and his terror-regime over the Jewish at the time was later on in the 1930s, Kafka probably would have faced racist remarks and cruelty towards him and his work. As the son of an assimilated Jew who held only perfunctorily to the religious practices and kind formalness of the Jewish community, Kafka was German both in language and culture. The absurdity of this social and cultural position effectd an ambiguous reality for Kafka, often more hallucinatory than realistic.Steven Berkoff was born into a family of Russian Jewish immigrants, and was born in the East End of capital of the United Kingdom on the 3rd August 1937. During World War 2, in 1942 he was evacuated to Luton to avoid bombing. When he was 14 years old his family moved to the USA. This gave him the vision to see where he wanted to go and what he wanted to do in life. Moving back to Britain, he finished school, saved up enough money and went to France at the age of 19 to study the art of mime. Upon returning to London in 1968 he formed the London Theatre Group.It was in 1969 that Berkoff remade Kafkas Metamorphosis. In 1976 he married his second (and present) wife, Shelley Lee. With the London Theatre Group, Berkoff attempted to create something unique. The London Thea tre Group prided itself with trying to cover all forms of theatre. They wanted to be everything. They called their work a fusion of elements. Their main aim was to shock the listening. thither were no set rules to Berkoffs theatre. It was a mixture of many kinds of theatre, influenced by many people.The London Theatre Group wanted people of all social backgrounds to come and see their plays. Another thing they tried to do was to move away from conventional theatre, and use different ways of using the stage and location the audience. In The Penal Colony, The Trial and Metamorphosis were three plays of Kafkas that Berkoff remade. Other plays the London Theatre Group has performed include Macbeth, Miss Julie versus Expressionism, Agamemnon, The Fall of the House of Usher, East, Greek, Hamlet, Decadence, West, Lunch, Actor, plagues Christmas, Kvetch, Sink the Belgrano, Salome, Acapulco, Brighton Beach Scumbags, Dog, Storm und Drang, Dahling you were Marvellous, Massage, Shakespeares Villains, The Messiah.The Bow of Ulysses, Ritual in Blood and The Secret Love Life of Ophelia amongst many others. He also starred in many movies such as A Clockwork Orange and Rambo. He usually played the villain, but the main reason for his film roles was to store his theatre productions. Berkoff was an atheist, explaining his wish to attract people of all social masses to see his plays. He never uses religious effects in his plays to avoid any conflict of cultures.Brecht was an influence of Berkoff. Brecht didnt want to get involved with an audience. Another influence was Peter Brook, an expert of slapstick. Stanislavski believed in naturalism, the opposite of Brecht, and yet Berkoff used elements from both Brecht and Stanislavski in his work. This is shown in Metamorphosis, as without the audiences sympathies for Gregor, the play would not work. Antonin Artauds was another influence. He was involved in theatre of the absurd. Again, Berkoff uses these ideas, mainly to shock the audience in his productions.

Powerful Presentation Skill Essay

In almost all the business roles today, video display skill has become a core competency and an inevitable prerequisite for any reasonable job. One of the popular fears among the multitude, after dogs, snakes heights, water, is public speaking. This category of people usually experience abnormal nubblebeats, rimy sweats, shivering and the worst, low or high blood pressures. Contrary to this, foundation skill can be developed and achieved through and through practice and observation. Its on the button like learning to ride the bike. Here are some quick, tried and tryed tips, if followed carefully they will make you a powerful presenter as well as an influential public utterer.Why do we check the presentations?Basically, there are four purposes of giving a presentation. Firstly, to inform your earshot close what you know. In other(a) words, it is called informative presentation. Secondly, to train, all the effectiveness of teaching and training activities for students an d staff solely depend on the presentation skill of the teacher or trainer. The third purpose of giving a presentation is to persuade the public, our politicians are a very good example of that. During the election campaign, the politicians go persuasive presentations to coax the public to give them the vote. Lastly, sales people give presentations about their products to the customer and clients for the marketing.Pre-presentation TipsObjectiveBefore preparing any presentation champion mustiness be unclouded about the purpose of giving the presentation. Be caseful, if you know clear what you ready to deliver it will attend you find how to do it.ContentOnce the objective is clearly defined, now you should focus the contents of your presentation. It means what is the scope of your talk. What is included and excluded. The contents must be according to the objective and the need of the consultation. Through brainstorming, keeping in view your knowledge, audience and the topic, t he parameters can be defined to cover the topic extensively.AudienceJim Rohn, the American motivational speaker and writer, sound outs, Consider your audience. It means who they are, what they already know about the topic, how old they are and what language and style they prefer etc. Once you are fully aware of all the facts it will help you tailor your presentation according to the needs of your audience.Time and lengthPeople have their peak and low time according to the time of the day. Some people tend to be more ready and alert in the morning. Therefore, if you present in the morning you might get positive feedback from your audience. On the other surpass after lunch and in the evening people are likely to be drowsy and may not focus on what the presenter says. There, audience should be energized through activities and questions to keep them awake. Whereas, length means the time you are allotted to present. If it exceeds the timeline, you will lose the interest of the audienc e and the required purposes may not be achieved.StructureOne of the weighty components of success of any presentation is its structure. About the structure of the presentation, Jim Rohn says Tell your audience what you are going to say, then say it all and at the end tell them again what you have just told them. In other words, it means introduction, body of the presentation and summary.Take care of yourselfThe presenters health, mood, feelings and emotions matter a lot because if you are suffering from cough, sore throat or otherwise sad and sleepy you can not give a good first impression. So its a good idea to take care of your health to avoid any physical or mental distraction.Practice makes perfectMock presentations given to a group of friends, family members, colleagues or in front of a mirror, will help you grasp the pillow slip and learn the content. As it is said, practice makes perfect. Rehearsal of your presentation will also increase your confidence.Verbal Communication TipsVolumeThe first and the foremost phenomena in oral communication is the congresswoman of the presenter. If the presenter has a loud audible voice the message will get across clearly and completely to the audience. Usually, low fling voices result in the failure of the presentation and the audience loses the interest in that presenter. Try to speak loud and clear but, not so loud that you cause your audience a headache due to your thundering voice.PacePace means the speed of your lecture, speech or presentation. As a matter of fact, the listeners have their listening and understanding speed and the speakers have their speaking pace. Both the speeds must align with each other. Therefore, speak in a variety of paces if something is really all important(predicate) or serious, slow down to make your audience understand it. If you are repeating a point or giving a summary of your presentation then you might go with a faster pace. Use a variety of paces but make sure what you are delivering your audience is receiving it in the selfsame(prenominal) way.PausesPause is a short period in which something such as a sound or an activity is stopped before starting again. Pauses are like the punctuation marks in the written language. We use pauses or break the sequence of talk so that we might separate the most important to the least important. Besides, pauses create an impact of your words on the minds of the listeners. If you are describing a difficult point or delivering an informative presentation which is complex too, then you must stop briefly at certain points. Pauses give time to the audience to think, realize and absorb the information you are showering upon them.IntonationIntonation is the change of voice as per the nature of the message you want to deliver. Communication experts believe words are lifeless unless we add our vocal variety in it. It is your voice that mixes up your words with feelings and emotions. This mixed voice is called intonation. The pitch and tone of your voice help you make the right intonation according to the message you deliver. For example, if you pass any test or exam you say loudly Yaaahhhoooo Now this interjection is expressed through your emotional voice which is intonation. Someone rightly said the voice that comes from heart has a deep impact on the listeners this voice of the heart is in fact your intonation. As a powerful communicator express your feelings and emotions through your voice and give the heart touching presentations.Avoid Artificial FillersArtificial filler is either the repetition of a word or a sentence for example, ok, you know, fine etc or uttering some meaningless words like errrrr, aaaah, ehhh etc. Artificial fillers are a must-avoid during the presentation because they make your presentation funny or boring for the audience. A presenter must not repeat a word or a sentence time and again habitually.Humour During PresentaionWell, it depends on the audience and the presentation en vironment because some presentations are delivered in a strict and serious environment where it is not appropriate at all to use humour or make the audience laugh. On the other hand, if its a friendly environment or training then a presenter must take to be the audience through some relevant jokes or funny stories. As it is said Laughter is the best medicine and if a presenter makes the audience grin and laugh they will remain active, energetic and will not feel bored. Do not criticize anyone or make fun of anyone of your audience. This might wane the situation as most of the people never like to be laughed at.Nonverbal Communication StrategiesBody PositioningNonverbal communication is the communication through body language which is in deed more powerful than the verbal type of communication. As a presenter, you are under the spot light. Every one hold offs at you during the session thats why a presenter should stand at a place where he is visible to each and every several(pren ominal) sitting in front of him. During the presentation you must not stand still at one place and deliver the whole presentation there, kinda you should change the position according to the situation but at every position your audience must be able to see you clearly. Never raise your back towards your audience.PosturePosture means position of body or the way in which someone usually holds his shoulders, neck and back, or a finical position in which someone stands or sits etc. As you present you must mind your posture, it should be active and energetic. Lazy and inactive postures result in the concentration loss of the audience. Not only this, but the speaker becomes less reliable and unauthentic. Stand straight and confident(p)ly, put your shoulders at a relaxed but active positive. Positive postures give a very strong nonverbal message to your audience.MovementThe basic difference between speech and presentation is that during the speech the speaker stays at one place and tal ks but in the presentation the presenter is animated. The presenter moves around in the room purposefully, walks and talks with the audience. Therefore, a presenter must move but the movement has to be purposeful not a continuous movements or the nervous movements. While moving do not lose the eye contact with the audience. Move around but keep looking at the audience.HandsDuring the presentation, your hands communicate effectively as well. In fact, your hands give meanings to your words and create an impact on the audience. There is a complete language known as Sign spoken communication which is mostly based on hands signals. Do not cross your hands or rest them at the back just leave your weapons loose by your sides and as you talk according to the words, sentence or message use your hands and fingers to make your message more meaningful and impressive. seventh cranial nerve ExpressionsIt is said, Face is the index of mind. Whatever we think it comes on the face through these s eventh cranial nerve expressions we communicate the deepest thoughts of our mind and feelings of our hearts. If you look at someone and smile, the other person will also smile in reply and if you look at a child angrily, the child will be afraid of you. Our facial muscles make our face expressions and the facial muscles get activated when either we arouse our feelings and emotions in a certain way. Express yourself through your facial muscles and connect with your audience deeply and give a memorable presentation.Eye ContactYour eyes are your lighthouse. As you talk do not look at the walls, fans or tube lights but the people sitting in front of you. When you look in to the eyes of the people it shows that you are giving them your attention and in response your audience also looks at you. Moreover, eye contact works like an infrared channel that transfers data from your mind to the minds of the listeners. But do not look at one person for more than 5 seconds because it might make h im/her uneasy and it will also turn your eye contact to staring.Finally, be confident and practice all the points carefully. Fake it, until you make it and then it will become your natural presentation style.

Literature Review Regarding Smoking Health And Social Care Essay

Harmonizing to Mackay and Eriksen ( 2002 ) , planetary usance of place nails has been lifting steadily since manufactured place nails were introduced at the beginning of the twentieth century. While ingestion is levelling off and even diminishing in some states, worldwide more people are bullet, and tobacco plant plant users are smoking more coffin nails. The Numberss of tobacco users will increase chiefly due to enlargement of the universe s population. By 2030 there will be at least another 2 one thousand thousand people in the universe. Even if prevalence identifys fall, the absolute figure of tobacco users will increase. The expected go oning lessening in anthropoid fastball prevalence will be offset by the addition in female smoke rates, particularly in developing states.Harmonizing to Goddard ( 2008 ) , the prevalence of coffin nail smoke in Great Britain fell well in the 1970s and the early 1980s, from 45 % in 1974 to 35 % in 1982. The rate of declination so slowed, with prevalence falling by merely virtually one per centum point every two old ages until 1994, after which it levelled out at nearly 27 % before restarting a slow diminution in the 2000s. The overall diminution in smoking prevalence since the mid 1970s has been due to a autumn in the proportions of some(prenominal) light tobacco users ( defined as fewer than 20 coffin nails per twenty-four hours ) and heavy tobacco users ( 20 coffin nails or more per twenty-four hours ) . The proportion of all grownups smoking on mean 20 or more coffin nails a twenty-four hours has travel among work forces from 26 % in 1974 to 8 % in 2006 and from 13 % to 5 % of adult females over the same period.Meanwhile, smoking tendencies in Mexico shows a decrease during the finis decennary of the twentieth century in smoke exposure, day-to-day smoking prevalence and smoke strength. This decrease has either been more intense or occurred solo in work forces, depending on the analyzed index. Additionally, the most entailmentant decrease both in the prevalence of day-to-day active tobacco users and in smoking strength occurred in older age groups in both genders. Womans, for their portion, during the latter portion of the analyzed period present a reversal in the downward(prenominal) inclination of an or human action in these smoke indexs, and in 2002, day-to-day female tobacco users smoked a greater sum of coffin nails than work forces. Nevertheless, work forces darling-tempered present a worse smoke state of affairs than adult females in footings of both prevalence of day-to-day tobacco users and per centum of day-to-day tobacco users ( Franco-Marina, 2007 ) .Harmonizing to Shafey ( 2003 ) , the wellness load from smoking is non merely increasing, but it is besides switching to low-income and middle-income states whereas the prevalence of smoking expands to worsen in many Western markets, many Asiatic markets continue to turn ( as cited in Parkinson et al. , 2009 ) . This is true particularly when the ingestion of baccy has reached the proportions of a planetary epidemic. Tobacco companies are zigzaging out coffin nails at the rate of five and a half trillion a twelvemonth about 1,000 coffin nails for every adult male, adult female, and kid on the planet. Asia, Australia and the Far eastern hemisphere are by far the largest consumers ( 2,715 cardinal coffin nails ) , followed by the Americas ( 745 billion ) , Eastern Europe and Former Soviet Economies ( 631 billion ) and Western Europe ( 606 billion ) ( Mackay and Eriksen, 2002 ) .Harmonizing to National wellness Morbidity Survey ( 1986 and 1996 ) , the happening of smoking between Malaysian grownups has enlarged from 39 % to 49 % ( as cited in Shahidan et al. , 2002 ) . National Health and Morbidity Survey ( 1996 ) besides states the prevalence of baccy usage is about 24.8 % 49.2 % of work forces smoke, compared with merely 3.5 % of adult females ( as cited in Parkinson et al. , 2009 ) . Meanwhile harmonizing to statistic in PROSTAR ( 2007 ) , Malaysia had 3.6 one million million million tobacco users in 2000 and this figure is expected to increase to 4.6 million by 2025 ( as cited in Kim et al. , 2009 ) . Although there are no precise national estimations of pre young person smoke in Malaysia, findings from several studies suggest youth smoke may be on the rise ( Parkinson et al. , 2009 ) . However, harmonizing to Thambypillai ( 1985 ) Shamsuddin & A Haris ( 2000 ) Naing et Al. ( 2004 ) and Ahmad et Al. ( 1997 ) , the tendencies in smoking among striplings give non changed much. Studies conducted in assorted vicinities showed that the prevalence of smoke among male young persons were between 17-36 % and 1-5 % among females in the same group ( as cited in Lim et al. , 2006 ) .Surprisingly, about one billion work forces in the universe smoke approximately 35 % of work forces in developed states and 50 % of work forces in developing states. Tendencies in both developed and developing states show that male smoke rates claim now peaked and, easy but certainly, are worsening. However, this is an highly slow tendency over decennaries, and in the interim work forces are deceasing in their 1000000s from baccy. In general, the educated adult male is giving up the wont foremost, so that smoke is going a wont of poorer, less educated males ( Mackay and Eriksen, 2002 ) .2.1 Reasons for SmokingHarmonizing to Baker et Al. ( 2002 ) , most tobacco users offer similar grounds for their smoke. Typically, they report that smoke is an habit-forming wont that they enjoy and that relieves stress. Most tobacco users besides see it as card uping and utilize it as a header mechanism. The power of nicotine to both provide correct feelings and extenuate bad feelings is richly portraynstrated. This is consistent with the query done by KaAYikci et Al. ( 2008 ) whereby people smoke to loosen up or alleviate their emphasis and to bobby pin pleasance. Furthermore, Briti sh American Tobacco Malaysia ( 2010 ) states that the pharmacological consequence of nicotine a mild stimulating consequence non unlike that of caffeine, and a mild loosen uping consequence is an of import portion of the smoke experience. Baker et Al. ( 2002 ) besides stated that light tobacco users tend to smoke more for societal grounds while heavy tobacco users are more likely to describe that they smoke because of the habit-forming nature of baccy.Meanwhile harmonizing to Jarvis ( 2004 ) , experimenting with smoking normally occurs in the early teenage old ages and is goaded preponderantly by psychosocial motivations. For people who merely started smoke, a coffin nail is a symbolic manner of stating that they are no longer their female enhance s kid and a manner of demoing that they are mature. Childs who are attracted to this adolescent averment of sensed maturity or defiance tend to come from backgrounds that save smoke ( for illustration, with high degrees of smoke in par ents, siblings, and equals comparatively deprived vicinities schools where smoke is common ) . They besides tend non to be wining harmonizing to their ain or society s footings ( for illustration, they have low ego regard, have impaired psychological well-being, are fleshy, or are hapless winners at school ) .Harmonizing to Parkinson et Al. ( 2009 ) , males were more likely than females to see that smoking makes immature work forces and immature adult females look more attractive and that smoke is a mark of being modern. However, males and females were merely every bit likely to believe that smoking helps command organic structure weight. This finding contradicts with Western surveies by Cavallo ( 2006 ) , which typically report that female young person annoy more about their weight and are more likely to describe smoking to command their weight than are males ( as cited in Parkinson et al. , 2009 ) .2.2 Review of cerebrate StudiesThe smoke rate for university pupils is lifting bit by bit in Turkey every bit good as the universe ( KaAYikci et al. , 2008 ) . A research by Cooper et Al. ( 2004 ) verbalise that there is an addition for the rate of smoke in Turkey in which 64 % of the addition is among the work forces and 23 % of it is adult females. Abolfutuoh et Al. ( 1998 ) states 40 % of the pupils in Education Council are heavy tobacco users and merely 23 % of the Medicine Council pupils smoke. Meanwhile, Kader and Alsadi ( 2008 ) found that most of the pupils are light tobacco users ( 50.6 % ) . They besides said that pupils in the checkup school tend to smoke less than their friends in other modules. Surprisingly, a cartoon by Kypri and Baxter ( 2004 ) said that the smoke form is higher(prenominal) among Maori adult females than work forces, in which the adult females tend to smoke daily.Sharker ( 2005 ) in his survey about cognition, attitude and pattern on smoke among pupils and staff in Universiti Putra Malaysia states that 13.7 % from respondent s who smoke comes from pupils while 9.9 % was comes from the staff. He besides found that Indians and Malays were among the highest per centum due to cultural groups which comprises of 12.7 % and 11.6 % severally meanwhile Hindus and Muslim were among the highest per centum due to spiritual group which equal to 13 % and 11.9 % severally.Harmonizing to Azlan ( 2006 ) in his survey on smoke among secondary school pupils in Kuantan, the smoke per centum was 43 % with 63.5 % comes from males and 17.5 % comes female. This survey is rather similar to the survey done by Rapeah et Al. ( 2008 ) whereby about half of the respondents in her survey on factors act uponing smoke behaviors among male striplings in Kuantan were tobacco users ( 45.8 % ) and Malays were lend up to 53.1 % .A cross-sectional survey of 16-year old secondary school pupils in Kota Tinggi territory reported that 29.7 % from the respondents were found to be smoking and the highest per centum of male tobacco users comes fr om FELDA ( Federal Land Development power ) countries which comprises of more than 50 % ( Lim et al. , 2006 ) . Meanwhile, the survey done by Shahidan et Al. ( 2002 ) on smoking wonts among secondary school pupils in Kedah reported that the mean age for smoke and non-smoking groups were 16 old ages old the research has reveal that the age of onset smoke among respondents began every bit early as 13 old ages old.Harmonizing to KaAYikci et Al. ( 2008 ) , 40.2 % of the concluding physique pupils at the AtatArk University smoked. 56.5 % from that said that they smoke to let go of tense while 24.6 % fume for pleasance. Abolfutuoh et Al. ( 1998 ) states that wonder was the chief ground for induction of smoke among pupils in medical pupils at the University College of Medicine and pupils of the College of Education. There are findings found in a research by Kader and Alsadi ( 2008 ) that say the pupils smoke because it helps them to concentrate every bit good as quiet them down. They bes ides said that pupils smoke because they besides want to get by with emphasis and societal anxiousnesss. Kypri and Baxter ( 2004 ) besides stated that pupils smoke because it helps them to loosen up.Harmonizing to Shahidan et Al. ( 2002 ) , matured, attractive and posh are among the grounds pupils start smoking with per centum of 70.0 % , 62.2 % and 54.0 % severally. Meanwhile, Sharker ( 2005 ) found that the chief ground for the oncoming of smoke among pupils and staff in Universiti Putra Malaysia was merely for frolic and it was comprises of 54.2 % . In add-on, Azlan ( 2006 ) revealed that the chief ground for pupils to smoke is because of the influences of friends.Rapeah et Al. ( 2008 ) states that the most common ground given by the respondents for get downing smoke was wanted to seek ( 68.9 % ) followed by equals influence ( 56.1 % ) . However, about 70 % of the tobacco users did non hold that they smoked because they wanted to be voguish. There are besides findings fo und in a research by Khairani et Al. ( 2007 ) that say the most frequent grounds for originating smoke were wonder ( 69.3 % ) and peer force per unit area ( 51 % ) while emphasis ( 70 % ) was reported as the commonest ground for go oning smoke followed by dependence ( 49 % ) .KaAYikci et Al. ( 2008 ) stated that one of the factors that encourage the pupils to smoke is the parents of the pupils. Most of the pupils who smoke have male parents and brothers who smoke every bit good. Friends are besides one of the factors that lead to smoking wont among the pupils. These findings are rather similar with the survey by Shahidan et Al. ( 2002 ) which conducted in Kedah. Their research stated that influence of equals and household members who smoke played an of import function in act uponing pupils to smoke. Student whose household members are tobacco users are more than twice at higher hazard of smoking compared to those whose household members are non tobacco users meanwhile pupil whose eq uals smoke are about six times higher of smoke compared to those whose equals are non tobacco users. Lapp goes to the survey by Khairani et Al. ( 2007 ) , which found that there was a important association between adolescent smoke and smoke among household members.Sharker ( 2005 ) reported that the prevalence of smoke was associated with age, economic position, race, spiritual, household and equal groups smoking wonts. These findings are consistent with the survey done by Azlan ( 2006 ) on the prevalence of smoke among secondary school pupils and its associated factors in the territory of Kuantan. Meanwhile, harmonizing to Lim et Al. ( 2006 ) , holding many close friends who smoke, sibling who fumes and low academic work were positively associated with smoke.There are besides findings found that the type of category watercourse, equals smoke, and attitude towards smoking were significantly associated with the respondents smoking position ( Rapeah et al. , 2008 ) . Meanwhile wonder , desire to demo off and peer force per unit area are the chief factors that lead to the smoke wont of the pupils ( Abolfutuoh et al. , 1998 ) .

Rich World Poor World

Debt is made when one party owes party money (Sofas, 2005). rightful(prenominal) like people, governments of twain real and underdeveloped nations sop up money in order to function well and to maintain t heritor economies (George, 1994). Debt is the economic mode that promotes economic activity in the global market (Lombard, 2004). The acquisition of debt comes by means of loans, grants and aid that are provided to developed and developing nations by multilateral creditors and bilateral lenders George, 1994).These creditors are international institutions such as the International financial Fund (MIFF), the realness argot (WEB) and other banking institutions (Millet & Toasting, 2004). The international community with their neo-liberal approach and capitalist nonions of eradicating meagreness was through, economic growth and development (Schaeffer, 2009). Due to increased profits (petrol-dollars) made off-key increased oil prices developing countries were encouraged and som e as yet coerced to borrow money from developed nations in the sasss and sass (George, 1994).Although their profits were invested in westmostern banks it did non yield impressive returns thus encouraging the global South to acquire debt (George, 1994). The global South grasped the opportunity and borrowed money to advance their infrastructure (roads and dams) and also stock certificate industrial projects in their countries Airman, 2006). Some countries unconstipated borrowed more money what they needed. So keen the developed nations were to borrow money that they disregarded any moral and honest standards they might have had, and granted loans knowingly, to corrupt governments and military regimes (George, 1994).Unfortunately like e realthing else this spending spree did non last and came to a sudden halt in the sasss, which even left the United States economy in a recession (Study Guide, 2012). Developing countries had borrowed so much money that domestic currency and macro - economies collapsed, paralyzing everything Airman, 2006). This created the first international debt crisis of the non-negotiable era (George, 1994). When Mexico announced their inability to make debt re fabricatements in 1982, it shocked the financial community (Ambition, 2004).The impact of the debt crisis affected the entire global racket, causing interests to rise, commodity prices to f each, and income boodle to fall (Lombard, 2004). All this eventually made it difficult for developing nations to make debt repayments. The Western nations acted quickly and gained control of their economy and for them the debt crisis was soon over (George, 1994). Unfortunately the debt crisis and the incubus for the pathetic developing countries were far from being.In fact it had however Just begun when they found themselves faced with much bigger debt than they initially acquired this despite having made repayments since the sasss (George, 1994). Even though Mexico was the first to defaul t on their debt panic (Lombard, 2004). Growing concerns for the financial stability of the modify institutions, major creditors, and international financial institutions, sought new strategies to address the lending criteria in order to bring debt relief (Millet Toasting, 2004).This resulted in the implementation of the Highly Indebted Poor Countries orifices (HIP), and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiatives, under the supervision of the World Bank and the International Monetary fund (Sofas, 2005). According to the MIFF and the World Bank these organizations were the answer to the bet crisis (Sofas, 2005). The notion that the debt crisis is over, is purely a myth and we will see. This demonstrate will reveal the causes and impacts that resulted from these debt relief organizations, and incinerate the myth of the debt crisis having been addressed.The debt crisis affected the lives and dreams of many people living in developing countries Airman, 2006). Debt is nothing new but as the debt crisis grew the gap between the rich and poor widened Airman, 2006). A country debt is not just measured by the size of their particular debt, but also distinctly how it impacts or effects that nations economy Airman, 2006). A country GAP (gross domestic product) per capita is also a clear indication of a countries capacity to not precisely service their debt, but to also ensure that the health and well-being of their citizens are met (George, 1994).If this does not happen then clearly there is a problem, not Just a financial one but a humanitarian one (George, 1994). This was the result for many poor developing countries that led to the debt crisis Airman, 2006). But it was not only developing nations that had debt, United States is the worlds biggest debtor tit $6 meg being owed at 2002 Airman, 2006). The total debt owed by developing nations in the world came to 2. 5 trillion dollars in 1999 Airman, 2006). In Nicaragua (Latin America) their debt repayments in 2004 co nsumed 43% of their total earnings Airman, 2006).Many commentators argued that the debt crisis was also due to irresponsible lending by the Western Nations (Millet Toasting, 2004). Like the Bhutan nuclear supply station in the Philippines, that was built on a volcano in 1974 Airman, 2006). A clear indication where misleading advice caused poor developing overspent to make price decisions Airman, 2006). A nuclear power plant that had never ever been used, but a debt that was incurred with interest are expected to still be repaid Airman, 2006). What exploitation of the poorThe Jubilee 2000 ( societal justice group) lobbys that debt crisis be recognized and that unjust debt like the Philippines be cancelled Airman, 2006). They argued that poor countries cannot afford to make repayments without meeting the basic needs (education, food, healthcare) of their citizens (Cheer, 2002). They maintain that debt was conducted on unfair terms and contracted illegally (Cheer, 2002). Jubilee arg ues that all debts be forgiven because it perpetuates a balance of power Voluble Debt Campaign, 2007).The solution for the debt crisis was restructuring the debt of developing and developed countries (Millet & Toasting, 2004). The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank formed Structural Adjustments Programmed (SAPS), to provide debt relief and bring it to sustainable levels in order to maintain repayments (Millet & Toasting, 2004). SAPs were conditionalitys set up specifically for poor developing countries to meet their debt repayment obligations (Cheer, 2002).They squired that poor developing countries raise interest rates, cut government barriers on trade, increase their export production and even cancelled subsides on local food production and healthcare (Cheer, 2002). This was met with criticism and caused outrage in the world. Critics argued that the West used controlling measures to control the economic policies in the poor developing counters Voluble, 2000). When Jama ica signed up with the MIFF and SAP conditionalitys, they experienced catastrophic impacts Airman, 2006).Social service spending dropped 50% between 1980 and 1986, unemployment rose, living conditions deteriorated, infant illumination, poverty levels increased and even school pass rate dropped by 50% Airman, 20060) Not only poor developing countries had conditionalitys imposed but even developed nations like New Zealand experienced the wrath of the Miffs Airman, 2006) SAPs were abandoned and the MIFF and World Bank launched the Highly Indebted Poor countries Initiative (HIP) in 1996 (Cheer, 2002).The HIP was employ to act as an international relief mechanism, in order to reduce bilateral, multilateral and commercial debt to a sustainable level in poor developing counties (Cannot & Mammogram, 2009). The principle objective was to reduce debt cargos and to ensure that no poor country through restructuring was compromised, that would cause them to default on their debt repayments (Ca nnot & Mammogram, 2009). In other words, their mission was to serve up to a certain foreshadow and then ensure that the creditors and lenders still got their moneyJust like the SAPs, the Hips initiative came with conditionalitys (Cohen, 2000). The eligibility criteria required that a country be very poor, have no unsustainable debt burden and have a reformed policies track record, all under the guidance of the MIFF and the World Bank, of course (Cohen, 2000). This eligibility process was advance imposed with more conditionalitys until a country came to the completion point (George, 1994). The HIP was met with criticism because only 30 countries benefited under the HIP intuitive, and that the eligibility process took too considerable causing further danger to poor developing countries (Cohen, 2000).The one size fits all notion was unfortunately not working, because they failed to address the real issues of the inability of countries being able to provide for the basic needs of th eir citizens Airman, 2006). Jubilee activists pressured the MIFF and the World Bank with a petition at the 68, with the mission to write off all debt altogether (Cohen, 2000). The enhanced HIP initiative was then launched and implemented. The enhanced HIP initiative was to provide stronger, faster, deeper and broader debt relief (Cohen, 2000). The 67 and bilateral creditors promised 100% debt relief for highly obligated(predicate) poor countries (Cohen, 2000).This was unfortunately empty promises. Further protests and pressure to drop the debt led to Millennium Development Goals (MEG) being launched in 2000, as a benchmark for bar the reduction of poverty (Sofas, 005). Megs were goals set to eradicate extreme hunger and poverty, to achieve universal education, promote gender equality and empower women, reduce child mortality, mend material health, combat HIVE/AIDS, malaria and other diseases, ensure environmental sustainability and develop a global partnership for development (S ofas, 2005).In conjunction to this the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MIDI) was launched in 2005 at the Make Poverty History campaign in the UK (Sofas, 2005). MIDI was about granting debt relief and their requirement was Although many countries benefited from debt relief, only 23 countries reached implosion point and 10 reached the decision point. The HIP initially promised to cancel $63. 4 gazillion, but only $45. 4 billion delivered in April 2008 Airman, 2006). In April 2008 MIDI promised $50 billion cancellation, but cancellation delivered only $42. Billion Airman, 2006). All this structures and organizations that were set in place only looked to help poor developing countries on a superficial level (Cheer, 2002). The impacts of the debt crisis led to devaluation of local county currencies as inflation increased. Import costs rose, debts increased proportionally and there were he rise in export (Cheer, 2002). Employment opportunities were not enough to offset these losses. Poor developing countries made loans on the notion that their export taxes would be able to repay or maintain their loans (Cheer, 2002).Governments commitment to pay their debt came with conditionalitys that exhausted their economies, unemployment increased due to income and living standards declined. When health care and food subsidies were cancelled by international creditors it forced food prices to soar causing families not able to feed themselves. This led to malnutrition and poor health. According to Jubilee Campaign (2000) Just like debt, Aids is a killer and although sickness and diseases adversely affected men, it cause to be perceived both women and children (Cheer, 2002).The burden of meeting their debt repayments caused some to compromise on the health status of their citizens (Cheer, 2002). South Africa has the largest HIVE/Lads infected population 4. 2 million) more than 12% of its people and this affects their employment market (Cheer, 2002). A health crisis that ca used the health of lawyers, doctors, ordinary workers and teachers unable to be active in their Job market, further affecting the countries social economy (Cheer, 2002). Teachers that had HIVE/AIDS are unable to work, then unable to buy medication which ultimately leads to ill-health and even death (Cheer, 2002).Disease, epidemics and pandemics places a huge burden on a countries health sector (Cheer, 2002). Children from these families suffered too because when one parent was affected some were kept home so the other could go work. If both suffered from Hides it often left children orphaned (Cheer, 2002). Girls in unemployed families were often kept home, while boys were sent to school because the cost of education was too dear. This increases the gender divergence in developing countries (Cheer, 2002).Due to unemployment, rise in prices and taxes most people in developing countries were living well below the poverty line ( slavery, 2008). According to Thrall (2008), the economic and social development of the worlds poorest countries is perhaps the greatest challenge facing troupe at the present moment (Thrall, 2008). Over 1 billion of the 6 billion populations live in absolute poverty and suffering malnutrition (Cheer, 2002). The MIFF and the World Bank entrapped highly indebted poor countries with foreign debt that far exceeded heir entire national yearly income (Cheer, 2002).In 2000, the debt repayments of sub-Sahara African countries were about 38% of their individual country budgets (Cheer, 2002). This is unreal and even immoral, that a country earnings through event and export, is overshadowed by an unbearable burden of debt repayments (Cheer, 2002). When debt repayments affects the basic needs of any country, and a country is unable to maintain their social obligations of providing health, education by the window society survival is really slim. Hughes (1999) argues that debts hooked not be forgiven because the debt crisis is the developing nations own fault.Corrupt governments caused their countries to be in this situations and conditionalitys are they only way to maintain control (Hughes, 1999). on that point are too many flaws in the so called economic model, and we have created a society where material gain supersedes moral and ethical commitments and standards. I consider an erosion of trust erupted, because of the exploitation of the poor by the rich colonists. The fallacy of promoting poverty reduction and debt relief had surfaced, ND exposed that the Western strategies was built on greed and power.So has the debt crisis been addressed, unfortunately not? If the international community is serious about the Hip and the MIDI initiatives then their design needs to be improved in favor of developing countries. The focus should be less on filling the coffers of the West but, instead maximize burden sharing. Have a heart and voice in the burden of the developing nations by ensuring that projections are more realistic. The H IP and the MIDI could maybe become responsible for ensuring that the international community commit to cut down poverty and reach their millennium goals.The mission to transform societies, improve the lives of the poor, eradicate poverty, encourage and enforce the right to healthcare, education and economic growth, is what true development is all about. By completely writing off, deleting all foreign debt gives all countries an opportunity to start afresh. This then could be the start of bridging the gap between the wealthy West and the poor South. The creation of a new world order where there is no suffering and the right to live is not questioned, but encouraged, the way it should be.

Mineral Water Industry Proposal Environmental Sciences Essay

Water is considered as the most indispensable human demands. But due to the pollution, the water system is grime earnestly and it is non unhazardous to be consumed. Because of the environment ordinance and go oning depletion of the fresh piddle resources, focal point has been shifted towards the body of water direction in order to recycle, encounter and recycle the waste urine by utilizing the taking engineerings. If the intervention of the piddle does nt convey into serious history, we might be possible to be infected by affections like diarrhoea, malnutrition, enteric roundworm infections, lymphatic filariasis and other piddle borne diseases ( Pr & A uuml ss- & A Uuml st & A uuml n et al. , 2008 ) . One of the ways to pull withdraw the H2O beginnings is that by utilizing it to fabricate and treat into bottled mineral H2O.The Importance of the industry to our societyThe bottled mineral is of import because it is really convenient. Tricia ( 2011 ) has claimed that by people would readily to h mature add up of draw H2O to slake their thirst when H2O is non unprovoked accessible. Bottled H2O is as well a healthier option in order to maintain us hyd localized because the H2O is usually filtered and tested to guarantee that there is non harmful in it. Besides that, the mineral H2O is really light and eases for presenting procedure. Therefore, it can trail down the disbursals in transit. In add-on, the bottled H2O go out be free from the stinky olfactory properties and chemical that can impact the gustatory sensation of the imbibing H2O and do it more gratifying to imbibe.The supply and demand of H2OIt is a affair of satisfaction that consciousness sing purified and hygienic H2O among multitudes is turning with the intonation of clip and therefore doing the mineral H2O concern swell up to 15 per penny as compared to yester twelvemonth, forcing the quantum of demand up to around 1.1 billion litres per twelvemonth since contaminated H2O persist ently coming out of g all overnmental-run H2O grapevines. Therefore, the planetary bottled H2O industry has become really profitable has grown exponentially over the past 10 to fifteen old ages.The most common supply for the mineral H2O is native H2O which is derived from an approved belowground beginning, such as a protected good or spring that has been inspected, tested, and found to be safe and healthful with regard to H2O quality. Indeed, the mineral H2O consists of 75 % from natural resources and 25 % from the municipal H2O system.In United States, about 700 trade dos of bottled H2O are sold. This broad choice reflects diverse consumer demand for safe and good-tasting imbibing H2O options. Furthermore, the immense multination presently make one million millions of dollars on H2O as they extract from the land, slap a label on and sell at competitory monetary values. For case Aquafina ( Pepsi ) , Dasani ( Coke ) , Perrier ( Nestle ) , Evian, and Fiji Water among 100s of others. First and first, the factor impacting the addition of mineral H2O ingestion is the origination s population go away go on to turn in future decennaries. Other than that, it give be the in-migration of the people from the countryside to town. General lifetime criterions are bettering, particularly in the two states with the largest populations China and India. The universe s current population of about 6.6 billion people will go on to swell over the coming decennaries. The UN predicts a planetary population of 9.2 billion people by the twelvemonth 2050. Demand for H2O will of class increase strictly in response to this population growing. Experiences in recent decennaries even show that H2O ingestion has grown at a faster rate than the general population. This tendency is chiefly attributable to uninterrupted betterments in life criterions. In1950, for illustration, per capita one-year H2O ingestion averaged 580 M3. This figure had already risen to 625 M3s by the twelvemonth 200 0. Given the population roar in parts such as Asia particularly, this underlying tendency is improbable to be reversed for some clip.However, consumer demand for reviewing transpose drinks, every bit good as increasing public concern about wellness and fittingness and greater consumer instruction about the ingredients in nourishing and drinks, are advancing gross revenues of bottled H2O. Hence, the bottled H2O industry is indicated by the federal and ordinance which is to do certain that the quality of mineral H2O whether is safety to be drunk by public and by IBWA, the trade association stand foring the industry. A broad assortment of bottled Waterss are available to the consumer, and the bulk of these products are unimpeachable options to imbibing H2O. The bottled H2O got the blessing for administering many authorities plans as the administering the smaller size of bottle is easier than administering the big bulk storage of H2O. The event is organized by the populace or school s besides admire to scatter the bottled H2O which is mineral H2O to people or pupil. Therefore, this will increase the demand of the bottled mineral H2O as the big distribution to the consumer.Last but no rental, the demand of mineral H2O, supplied in plastic bottles, has been witnessed upward tendency in recent old ages as earlier urban in-between category of the society wanted to avoid water-borne diseases. But now the usage of bottle H2O has become side of meat symbol in society and most of people particularly female normally carry fictile mineral H2O bottles with them while passing to shop or someplace else. The tendency of transporting mineral bottles is non merely healthy mark but besides it keeps end-consumers off from physicians.In the nutshell, the populations of planetary universe addition, the addition will the demand of clear H2O like bottled mineral H2O. Water is the most common substance found on Earth that covers over 70 per cent of whole planet and is the lone subs tance found of course in three signifiers solid, liquid and bungle. However, about 97 per cent of the Earth s H2O is saltwater in oceans and seas. Merely three per cent is freshwater while merely one per cent is available for imbibing the staying two per cent is stock-still in polar ice caps in the form of glaciers. Hence, the supply and demand for the bottled mineral H2O industry is about sufficient and really perchance will derive a monolithic net income to the company of it is managed good.Procedure of fabricating mineral H2OSprings that are disposed above an aquifer secluded from contaminations like industries runoff or healthful drain are where mineral H2O comes from. Thus the procedure of doing mineral H2O is vitally of import. Spring H2O must be collected merely at the spring or through a au naturel hole tapping the belowground formation feeding the spring. After that the H2O will affection through pretreatment systems which take different type of filter which are Chlo rination transcription, Raw Water Pump, Pressure Sand Filter ( PSF ) , Activated light speed Filter, UV system with piping, valves and instruments. The system utilizes an ion replace H2O softener and a assortment of filtration methods. The gilded systems integrate activated C filters to take bad gustatory sensations and olfactory properties from the H2O.Natural H2O may incorporate populating micro-organisms and constituent(a)s which are obnoxious to Change by reversal Osmosis ( R.O. ) Membrane. Not merely like that, H2O besides contain ferric which can be oxidate to ferric oxide which is settle down in storage armor combat vehicle. Therefore Chlorine Dosing System is designed for this intent. Sodium hypochlorite solution is dosed in Raw Water Storage Tank to respond with H2O to organize a hypochlorite acid which acts as disinfecting agent.The chlorinated natural H2O will so travel to Pressure Sand Filter via Raw Water Supply Pump. The natural H2O is foremost filtered by filtr ation unit to take suspended affairs and turbidness from natural H2O. Before feeding to the contrary osmosis system ( R.O. Plant ) , free Cl must be removed from the filtrated H2O. This is because chlorine being a fuddled oxidizing agent which will damage the R.O. Membranes in R.O. Plant. Thus Activated Carbon Filter is map to take Cl, olfactory property and colour while go throughing the H2O through C bed. ( Diagram 1 shows a system for chlorination, acts as Raw Water Pump, Pressure Sand Filter and Activated Carbon Filter. )Diagram 1After that spring H2O will pretreatment with rearward osmosis system ( R.O. Plant ) to cut down the sum dissolved solids from natural H2O beginning. The R.O. Plant use membrane-filtration methods to take many types of big molecules and ions from solutions by using force per unit firmament to the solution. The solute will stay on the pressurized side of the membrane and the pure dissolver is allowed to go through through the other side. ( Diagram 2 sh ows a R.O. Plant. )Diagram 2After passed through R.O. Plant system, the filtrated H2O will has really less TDS ( Total Dissolved Solids ) value which is non good in gustatory sensation. Thus a mineral adding system or blending system will used to heighten the gustatory sensations of the H2O. The scaremonger will blend the physical mineral into the commixture armored combat vehicle and dosing pump will dose the mineral to R.O. Product H2O before ozonation with TDS accountant. The blending system will set the TDS value by adding filtered H2O. ( Diagram 3 shows a Mineral adding system. )Diagram 3The mineral added H2O is so stored in Product Water Storage Tank. During storage, atmospheric or any other stigma may take topographic point in treated H2O. Hence H2O will feed through the micron pick-me-up Filter. Micron Cartridge Filter will take attention for all right micrometer drosss. It will guarantee the high quality treated H2O before ozonation by taking peculiar affair and some por tion of bacteriums and virus. After that the H2O will cysts down to 1 micrometer absolute. ( Diagram 4 shows a Micron Cartridge Filter. )Diagram 4After micrometer cartridge filter, H2O comes to the station intervention system which include Ultra Violet system ( U.V. System ) and ozonation. U.V. System will take the bacteriums and viruses one time once more as they may redevelop once more in H2O during extended storage. Hence, the treated H2O is passed through U.V. System which consists of U.V. Tubes which radiates high strength Ultra Violet Rays to kill micro-organisms.Even passed through U.V. System, the bacteriums and viruses may redevelop in pile bottles over a period of clip. Hence it s necessary to disinfect merchandise H2O prior to bottling filling. The Ozone Generator will turned H2O into O rich H2O and take the bacteriological growing and supply the shelf life of the jammed bottles unless it s unfastened for some period of clip. The ozonation of H2O besides added some gust atory sensation to the treated H2O. Ozonator will bring forth the ozone gas from free ambiance, dry air or force per unit area swing surface assimilation ( PSA ) O generator. Ozone gas will shoot with venturi system mounted on armored combat vehicle with re-circulation armored combat vehicle and pump. ( Diagram 5 shows a U.V. and Ozonation system. )Diagram 5Ozone Re-circulating Tank ( ORT ) is designed for required ppm ( parts per million ) Ozone gas mix up in finished merchandise, H2O. In ozone re-circulating armored combat vehicle, H2O re-circulating by required flow rate pump. Continuous re-circulation will supply the ozone concentration to the merchandise H2O before bottling.Overall systemImpact of fabricating mineral H2O on homo and environmentFirst, phthalates are chemicals known to interrupt the endocrines in our human organic structure particularly testosterone, which can take to an unnatural sexual development such as male sterility, premature chest development, malignant n eoplastic disease and abortions. Meanwhile, this sort of chemical comes from the fictile H2O bottles by leaching into bottled H2O. Other than that, a random experiment was done during the twelvemonth of 1990 with a trade name of popular bottled H2O and turned up hints of benzine in the bottles where low dose of benzine to human is unaffected but high dose will convey paroxysms and decease. Bottled H2O is besides much more expensive than tap H2O but bottled H2O is frequently no healthier than tap H2O because from the consequences of some surveies had shown that about 25-45 per centum of bottled H2O sold in the United States really comes from municipal resources. Even U.S. FDA ordinances allowed some taint of faecal stuff in bottled H2O and to boot there are no demands for H2O bottles to be tested for parasites or germicides. Worse is that bottled H2O company are non required to advise their clients if imposing degrees of contaminations are found. The production of H2O bottles is bes ides making C dioxide non small but is 2.5 million dozenss of it and released to the air and it is the chief key to greenhouse consequence gas that is responsible for planetary heating. Apart from that, we had used excessively many H2O bottles each twelvemonth, it was over-numbered, in U.S. each twelvemonth the sum of H2O bottles can shape the Earth 150 times if they are set end-to-end but non even 25 per centum is recycled. Due to they are fictile bottles, therefore they decompose easy as the same for other plastics, while we all finished the H2O and the plastic bottles are thrown off, around 2.5 million of fictile H2O bottles an hr and each takes 500 million old ages to break up. Imagine the pollution that was caused by H2O bottles.In order to forestall all of these from go oning, the company should be more toward duty than profitableness and neer step out from the safety parametric quantities even though it is non officially secured by the quality use scientists.

Memory of the Holocaust in Maus

Memory of the Holocaust in Maus It is considered a sacred Jewish practice for kids to listen to and conserve their parents stories because it is a way to understand and carry on to their fib. But what happens when most of your family and relatives are suddenly marked for death? What happens when they are confronted with the horrific reality of the massive structured and nonionised extermination of count little numbers of Jews known as the Holocaust?For the second generation survivors, how can one even find any means to relate to their parents miraculous experience of surviving in a place that could be called hell on earth? Art Spiegel cosmoss Maus A Survivors Tale confronts this issue, by revealing the psychological and physical damage which one Holocaust survivor, Vladek went through as he fought his way to racy and to tell his story to his son. Vladeks experience in Auschwitz renders him or so as a ghost, devoid of any emotion which puts a strain on his family with his son, A rt, who in turn is living his parents shadows of their survival.In Maus, the yarn of the tr sr.y and tribulation the Holocaust survivors experienced reveals how memories can have a negative and electronegative impact on the present for the survivors and later generations, suggesting that it is best to avoid the recollection of the traumatic away. Vladek Spiegelman appears a brave, valiant figure in his account of the duration he endured in Auschwitz. From his interpretation, the reader gets this perception of him as an indestructible hero, similar to the Superman.We see him as a clever, bright, and determined man as he negotiates and barters his way in the camp to coax a better chance of surviving. Although he constantly asserts it was due to good fortune, the majority of it came through his personal undertaking. However, in contrast to the fearless Vladek we are told about, the aged one who shares his memories is only a white ghost. The severe physical torture he has undergon e has weakened his body and mind to the point where he becomes a neurotic whos obsessed with the littlest details, such as counting pills and money.When Art asks him if everything is okay as hes sorting his nails, Vladek rep falsehoods Nu? with my liveness now, you know It cant be everything okay. (I. 5. 98) All the massive strength he used to endure the pain has turned him into an paranoid and temperamental old man. His strange obsession to make unnecessary everything fine stems from the constant need to continue fighting for his life after the events of Auschwitz. It reveals how difficult it is for a survivor to let go and move on from the past since his obsessive sorting of his things in a way represents his sorting of his painful memories.As Vladek narrates his story to Art, he always stressed the importance of surviving, such as the time where he persuades a depressed Anja to not commit suicide once she learns the death of their son, Richieu. Vladek tells her No, darling T o die, its easy But you have to struggle for life (I. 5. 122). This hopeful young Vladek seems false since the reader and Art never get to know what his feelings were at that time. Vladeks difficulty with communicating his emotions to his son demonstrate the damaging psychological effect that Auschwitz has left on him.Therefore it is best to only tell the facts since doing so brings back all the sorrow and sorrow. Maus is told from two get-go person narrative and so as an audience, we are allowed to see both Vladek and Arts personal viewpoint. Spiegleman does this for the audience to form a rather deep connection with both characters. Arts relationship with his father, Vladek is volatile and there is a rift between the Holocaust survivor and his son. Vladeks narration of his story is not in chronological order at all because he jumps from place to place and even forgets to mention other possibilities with what might occur in Auschwitz.Vladeks storehouse fits in James Young defin ition of deep memory in The Holocaust as Vicarious Past. In it, Young describes it as that which remains essentially inarticulable and unrepresentable, that which continues to make up as unresolved trauma just beyond the reach of meaning (667). It is memory that can not be recalled at will, and for some people such as Vladek who suffered a traumatic event alike(p) Auschwitz, cant be integrated into a storyline. His recollection of his experience in the camps is unreliable at most times so Art has the responsibility of keeping it true according to historical sources.The reader also sees Arts failed attempt to put it in a logical order in order to create some meaning out of it. Arts set downing of his fathers history and drawings of the events assists him in connecting to Vladeks mind and behavior, but only to an extent. At the end of the story, Vladeks fading from consciousness is a type of closure and is deep memory in the sense that it does not offer reconciliation of the narra tive. Instead, the narrative turns into anti-redemptive and more wounds open up as after Arts father mistakes him for his first dead son.Art Spiegelman is the second generation of the Holocaust survivor and tries to represent this event by recording his fathers history. In Maus, he is seen as the reviewer and is sort of removed from his parents history. Since he is unable to access their experience or identify with them, he lives under their shadow and also his unhatched brother, Richieu. Vladek transfers his survivors guilt onto his son and places desires on Art that he would never can achieve. Therefore Art will always feel remorse over his failure and a certain responsibility to please his dad.As a result, Art resorts to his therapist, Pavel, who also is a survivor of the Holocaust, as a father figure. in some way my arguments with my father have lost a little of their urgency and Auschwitz just seems too scary to think about so I just lie there No matter what I accomplish, i t doesnt seem like much compared to surviving Auschwitz (II. 2. 44). Art was the son who survived but because he wasnt an echt witness, he cant empathize with his parents scars.All he can do is only acknowledge and attempt to understand it, but at times he also resents managing with their trauma. This is shown when he accuses his mother of her suicide and not letting him take the blame for their grief and heartache. Art cant stand his dads overwhelming grief and in turn writes another comic, Prisoner on Hell Planet to express his frustration and shame. Vladek soon discovers this comic and all the emotions and grief comes back as he relives the traumatic memories of the Holocaust.This demonstrates how influential the Holocaust survivors history is on the second generation, leading to a mixture of forgiveness and resentment regarding their relationship with the event. Arts vexation over his inability to relate personally to his parents tragedy and his tenacious attempt to record his fathers past reveals the personal difficulties and stress one goes through to represent accurately the painful memories of the Holocaust. Continuing the conversation with the therapist, Pavel tells Art Anyway, the victims who died can never tell their side of the story, so maybe its etter not to have any more stories. Art replies Uh-huh. Samuel Beckett once said Every word is like an unnecessary stain on silence and nothingness (II. 2. 45). This is an example of Peter Weiss My Place, where he discusses fearful anticipation of the attempt to form an authentic connection with the deplorable the victims experienced during the Holocaust. Weiss talks about how being in Auschwitz and touching the rooms to try to reconnect his body to the space, including the concrete blocks, the Black Wall, the washroom, etc.Weiss comments Thoughts, none. No impressions, except that I am alone here, that it is cold (22). Despite reading about this place in books before, there is a lack of knowledge of what actually occurred since being there almost destroys all his preconceived notion of the event. Weiss visit to the camps to try to place himself in the minds of both the victims and perpetrators only leaves him with an overwhelming feeling of survivors guilt. Everything he learned about this place, he cant learn more even when hes here.The more he tries to confront the reality of Auschwitz by manner of walking around from place to place, the more disconnected he feels. Likewise, the more Art tries to describe and narrate his dads story to express this catastrophic event, the less the words mean because it is insufficient to address it this way. Weiss learns this lesson when he mentions that yet after a while everything is silent and unmoving even here. A living man has come and what happened here hides itself from him (28). He realizes that he is only standing in a vanished world.Here there is nothing more for him to do Then he knows that it has not ended yet (28). There is a questioning on the entire relationship between father and son, revealing the complexities attached with the lessons one learns and tries to understand involving a survivors memory of the Holocaust. The kids of Holocaust survivors cant truly relate to the horrors their parents were subjected to. The past cant be retrieved because of Pierre Noras acknowledgment of the third type of memory in the modern era, outmatch-memory, which are distorted versions of the past memory.It is no longer a retrospective continuity but the clarification of discontinuity (16). It is a past that thats a world apart from us due to the births of new ideas and events rather than speaking of origins. Theres a discontinuity with distance memory because what happened was lost in remnants of the persons mind. It changes every time they try to recollect it. All one can do is be a witness to their testimony and the answer lies in the attempt to learn from it.

Poor Liza Character in 20th Century Russian Literature Essay

It is no accident that the trace that is attributed to the heroine in a number of Russian novels of the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries is instituted after some derivation of the name Elizabeth. Karamzin is the first to revere this name in his work short liza and it is this work that sets off a chain reaction that causes the occurrence of subsequent reference points in Russian literature. This character can particularly be found in works such as Pushkins Queen of Spades, Griboyedovs suffering from Wit, and tied(p) briefly in Gogols Dead Souls. At the duration that Karamzin published paltry liza, Russia had recently seen the harness of Queen Elizabeth I (1741-1761) who sportsmaned a great role in shaping Russias indistinguishability and culture. Through a c have reading of those Russian texts which include the Elizabeth character, an understanding of this names diachronic role in Russian literature can be achieved and its parallels to the monarch that this name evo kes. Before touch the liza name in the Russian texts, it is important to better understand the character traits and lives of the empresses after whom this name takes.The more significant of these world Queen Elizabeth of Russia as it was non long after her reign that Karamzin wrote Poor liza. Elizabeth was born to Peter I of Russia and Catherine I of Russia however due to the fact that her p atomic number 18nts marriage was not publicly acknowledged at the time of her birth, this would be a detail used to challenge her legitimacy to the commode by political opp mavennts (Antonov, 104).In her outward appearance, Elizabeth delighted everyone, with her unneededordinary beauty and vivacity. She was commonly known as the leadership beauty of the Russian Empire (Antonov, 104). Politically, Elizabeth was seen as the heroine of the Russian cause as was attributed to her, steady appreciation of Russian interests, and her determination to promote them at all hazards (Rice, pg 121). Russ ia under Elizabeths rule reasserted her power over outside repression as the country had been under direction of a number of German favorites and pressure from the West.It was upon her coronation that a royal decree was issued stating, the Russian people have been groaning under the enemies of the Christian faith, but she has delivered them from the degrading un want oppression (Antonov, 109). Elizabeth is sympatheticly remembered for championing the arts and scholarship through the vast mutantding she poured into projects such as the capital of the Russian Federation State University, the Winter Palace, and the Imperial Academy of Arts (Antonov, 106). The image of Elizabeth is also assorted by her slurred devotion to religion in that she disengaged many of the legislations that her father had done to limit the power of the church (Rice 149). In many ways, Elizabeth I becomes the perfect root from which the image of the heroic Russian woman springs from as is later manifest ed in Russian Literature following her reign. The first time that Russian is introduced to the liza character is in Karamzins Poor Liza which was published in 1792, following Elizabeth Is rule.The main heroine, Lizas, characteristics can be attributed to those of Elizabeth herself. The first of these similarities can be found in both of the females fathers. Lizas father is described as, a rather well-to-do settler, for he loved work, work the land well (Karamzin, 80). The hardworking nature of the father can also be seen in the traits of Elizabeth Is father, Peter the Great whos restless work made Russia into an empire. However the greater proportion lies in the negative effects caused by each of the womens fathers expirations. In Poor Liza, soon after Lizas fathers death, his wife and daughter grew poorand they were strained to rent out their land for a pittance sum (Karamzin, 80). Similarly, after the death of Peter I, no royal court or noble digest in Europe could allow a so n to impart court to Elizabeth, as it would be seen as an unfriendly act to the Empress Anna (Coughlan, 59).The lowering of stature for both Liza and Elizabeth made it difficult for both to find a fitting preserve. In Lizas case, lest she ends up marrying someone she does not love. When Erast and Liza are discussing the marriage arrangements that are being made for her to be married to a peasant boy and Erast asks if she would marry him instead, she says to him, but you can never be my husband I am a peasant girl (Karamzin, 87). Since Elizabeth I was shunned from the royal courts after her fathers death and at the same time she could not marry below her so as not to lose the royal title, the empress died unmarried, as did Liza. However, this is not the only shared experience of the Russian heroines. Another parallel in the midst of the empress and Karamzins peasant girl can be found in their educational background. For a queen, Elizabeth I was considered lacking of the solid e ducation needed for her role.This could just aboutly be blamed on Peter Is focus on state affairs and her becomes illiterateness and laissez-affair approach to her daughters studies (Antonov, 104). A comparable trait can be drawn in Liza, specifically when she is saying good-bye to Erast and she says, Oh Why do I not know how to read or write (Karamzin, 89). And so, both women were uneducated for the role they had come to fill, a ruler and a worried-sick lover. Taking a closer look at Elizabeths and Lizas personalities it becomes evident that they share commonalities. For instance, when Karamzin first introduces his Liza character, he says that, to soothe her mother she tried to hide the grief in her partiality and appear at ease and gay (Karamzin 81). This quirkiness can be also found in Elizabeth I as she was well known for her pleasure and playfulness as was evidences by the cross-dressing balls that she held at her court (Rice 136). Another poser of their similar charact ers can be found in the virginal beauty and pious image created by both.Karamzin describes Liza as being a rare beauty (Karamzin, 80) and Elizabeth in her youth was as already mentioned the premier beauty of Russia in her day. It is also important to note the pureness in the aura created by Liza as she is sound by the trivialities of high- order of magnitude. The color white can be found in a number of images in company with Liza, the first being the lilies of the valley which Liza sells at the market in capital of the Russian Federation (Karamzin, 81). These flowers are typically small and white in nature and by Christian are attributed to the tears of the perfect(a) Mary during the crucifixion of Christ, thus by having Liza the vendor of such flowers, she is placed into a solid and holy light (Krymow, 18).Another place in which the color white and purity is shown in connection to Liza is when Erast visits her home and says, I am very tired. Would you have any fresh milk? (Kara mzin 82). Liza, ran to the cellar, brought back a clean earthenware pot, washed it and dried it with a white towel, poured and handed the glass through the windowpane (Karamzin 82). redden when Liza falls in love she is described as having a , pure, and open heart (Karamzin, 85) and there are more images of purity and whiteness as is seen when the two lovers meet at wickedness and, they embrace but chaste, shy Cynthia did not hide from them behind a cloud their embraces were pure and sinless. (Karamzin, 86).Karamzin also describes Liza through Erasts eyes as a shepherdess, again evoking an image of purity (Karamzin, 86). Even when Liza gives up her virginity to Erast, Karamzin still evokes images of purity when he says, like a lamb she submitted to his will in everything (Karamzin, 89). These holy referents in Karamzins Poor Liza, create a sacred image out of the Liza character which is similar to the character traits of Elizabeth I. Part of the reason that the empress Elizabeth b uilt so many churches was that at one point she was considering becoming a nun. For this reason The Convent was built and erected by her order (Bain, 138).She is also attributed to building the most number of churches as compared to any other Russian monarch, the most famous being the Smolny Catherdral (Bain, 138).In her religious devotion, and her unmarried life lie some of the stronger parallels to Karamzins Liza character from which the spring the lineage of the Liza characters. sideline Poor Liza, other writers also began evoking the image of Elizabeth I in their writing. The next one being Griboyedovs in his Lizzie character in Woe from Wit. Again the Liza character, in this case being Lizzie, is painted as a picture of pure virginal beauty. Lizzies outer appearance is described by Molchalin Theres one thing Im thinking ofThese cheeks, these veins and allHave not yet seen the flush of love. (Griboyedov, IV.xii.4-6)In the last line, Mochalin especially points out the paleness o f her skin which shows her virginity. Another relation between Elizabeth I Liza, and Lizzie, is that they all reject or lovers who clan higher or equal to them. Lizzie for example pushes away Molchalin when he tries to embrace her (Griboyedov, IV.xii.51-52) and instead loves someone of lower or equal rank So strange these people seem to beShe craves for him, he craves for me,And Im the only one whos scared of love,Barman Petrusha, my sweetlyest dove. (Griboyedov, I.xiv.4-6)Lizzie also rejects Famusov when he corners her in the hall and embraces. She is stern with him and shows little interest, despite his rank Its you whos frivolous, let go, will you?Compose yourself, old man.This is corresponds with the relationship dynamics of Elizabeth I in that she was once betrothed to Prince Karl Augustus but he died before they could be married(Coughlan, 23). Instead of seeking a husband of equal stature, which proved difficult because she was not welcome in noble circles she pursued lover s in the legions and service, eventually settling on a Ukrainian peasant in a church choir by the name Alexis Razumovsky (Coughlan, 59). Yet there are more similarities that can be traced between Elizabeth and Lizzies characters.Elizabeth Is rule was marked by the extravagant balls and events who would throw. On average, her weekly balls would host close to 800 guests and she would also often throw smaller parties for her court members (Rice, 135). Lizzie, like Elizabeth, also enjoys a celebrations and parties. For this reason when she is tell with Sofia she reminds her, the holiday is coming Time for fun (Griboyedov, I.v.1). Lizzie is referring to the get together that will happen in the play as it will give her a chance to see her beloved Petrushka. Following Lizzies character, the Liza image carried over next to Pushkins work, Queen of Spades.The Lizaveta character in Queen of Spades is reminiscent of the green Elizabeth I who was unpopular at the royal court. Lizaveta is fi rst described to the reader as the martyr of the house as she was always being scolded and blamed for everything (Pushkin, 348). This again evokes the saintly images created by Karamzin and Griboyedov. Particularly similar to the young person queen is Lisaveta in the following passage She had a fixed salary, but it was never paid in full at the same time she was judge to dress like everyone else, that is, like the few. In smart set she played the most pitiable role. Everybody knew her, but nobody took any notice of her at the balls she danced only when an extra partner was needed for a vis--vis. (Pushkin, 349) This image is similar to that of Elizabeth in that she had royal blood and for this reason was expected to dress and act a certain way however she was not accepted by the society she was a part of. In addition to the way in which the young Elizabeth fit into society, Lisaveta is also similar to Elizabeth in her later age.When Elizabeth I was growing old she began having com plications with her health that caused dizzy spells. She grew increasingly depressed and disallowed the banter death to be spoken in her presence (Antonov, 109). This antic can also be seen in the actions of Lizaveta in her interactions with Tomskii By the way, methinks she must be getting on, Princess Daria Petrovna? What do you mean getting on? Tomskii answered absentmindedly. Shes been dead for these seven geezerhood. The young lady raised her head and signaled to him. He remembered the old Countess was never apprised of the death of any of her contemporaries, and he bit his lip. (Pushkin, 345). In this instance the image of Elizabeth I gets somewhat puddle since it is unclear whether the countess disallows the subject of death to be brought up in front of her or if it is Lisaveta who does not like the idea.The old Countess herself mirrors Elizabeth I in that she cares a great deal about her outer appearance as the countess dressed in a fashion, strictly following the fashio ns of the 1770s, spending just as much time on and paying just as much attention to, her toilette as she had sixty years before (Pushking, 345). In similar fashion, Elizabeth I in her older age, had a monstrous collection of clothing, having owned 15,000 dresses and would change outfits two to six times a day (sAntonov, 107). Like the young Elizabeth and Lisaveta, the countess did not quite a fit into the society she was a part of, she participated in all the trivial events of high society life, force herself to balls, where she would sit in a corner, the guests, as they arrived, would go up to her bowing lowbut afterwards would pay no attention to her (Pushikin, 348).If the relationship between Lisaveta and the Countess is pass on explored their dynamic can be seen as the countess being an old Elizabeth I and Lisaveta being the young Elizabeth I. Pushkin plays tricks on the reader with the images of Lisaveta and the countess. maybe the most middleman example of this is that when Hermann is leaving the old Countesss house and he, pressed her cold, unresponsive hand, kissed her bowed head, and went out (Pushkin, 362). It is not transparent here whether Hermann had just kissed the Lisaveta or the dead countess, which could be done by Pushkin on purpose. Perhaps the reason for the two Elizabeth-like characters is so that the old one can have the young one parry marrying a person of above or of her own class and instead marry down. This is because the marriage of the countess is what brings the countess the ill-fated secret she has to keep since the old count refused to pay her debts and she had to seek outside help(Pushkin, 342).For this reason, when the apparition of the old countess comes to Hermann, she tells him, I will forgive you my death under the condition that you marry my ward, Lizaveta Ivanovna (Pushkin, 365) and so the Elizabeth I image is throw away forth by Lizaveta. The final image of the Liza character appears in Gogols Dead Souls, in th e form of Manilovs wife Lizenka. Here the Elizabeth character is portrayed in a sickeningly sweet form. The relationship between Manilov and his wife are described as constantly feeding one another(prenominal) little tid-bits and candies. In the Lizenka character, Gogol is ultimately poking fun at the romanticist nature of the Liza character which can be contrived from Elizabeth Is own character.Gogol does not take Karmzins sentimentalist writing as true literature and for this reason names Karamzin in the following instance Nor were his colleauges a wit inferior to him in enlightenment. For instance, one of them made regular practice of reading Karamzin, another of conning the Moscow Gazette, and the third of never looking at a book at all. (Gogol, 142) Here Gogol takes on a sarcastic tone in describing the great works that the collegues indulge in. For this reason, Gogol choice of the diminutive form of Elizabeth, Lizenka is further support that her character her sweetie pie char acter is a parody to Karamzins Liza.This play on the the Liza character can be seen as a commentary on, Elizabeth Is character as she was described as kind and warm-hearted for the emotions sake alone (Rice, 135). Gogol sees this type of personality as unintelligent and makes fun of Lizenkas schooling which is somewhat similar to Elizabeth Is in that Lizenka only learned French, the piano, and housewifery (Gogol, 22). However, unheeding of her schooling, Lizenka through her relationship with Manilov is in charge of the souls which is perhaps a view he takes on Elizabeth Is rule of the Russian people.By tracing the character traits and life events of Elizabeth I of Russia in Russian Literature following her rule, the emergence of the heroine Liza becomes evident. Beginning with Karamzin who evokes many of the holy and pure images that surround Elizabeth Is and as well as Gribodev who shows the virginal beauty of the empress in his writing. Their literature is then followed by Pushki n, who focuses more on the outcast member of society that Elizabeth I was growing up under her full cousin Annes rule. And so the Liza character, heroine of Russian literature is created in celebration to Elizabeth I only to be ridiculed by Gogol in his brief apostrophes to Karamzins original work. So Lizas character becomes an mystery in Russian literature history in that it is unclear whether her name is ultimately venerated or ridiculed in the minds of the readers of these great works.Works CitedAntonov, B. I., and Kenneth MacInnes. Russian Tsars the Rurikids, the Romanovs. St. Petersburg Ivan Fedorov, 2005. Print.Coughlan, Robert. Elizabeth and Catherine Empresses of All the Russias. London Macdonald and Janes, 1975. Print.Gogol, Nikola Vasilevich, Constance Garnett, and Clifford Odets. Dead Souls. New York Modern Library, 1936. Print.Griboyedov, Aleksandr Sergeyevich. Aleksandr Griboedovs Woe from Wit A Commentary and Translation. Lewiston, NY Edwin Mellen, 2005. Print.Karamz in, Nikola Mikhalovich, and Henry M. Nebel. Selected Prose of N.M. Karamzin. Evanston Northwestern UP, 1969. Print.Krymow, Vincenzina. Marys Flowers Gardens, Legends & Meditations. Cincinnati, OH St. Anthony Messenger, 1999. Print.Pushkin, Aleksandr Sergeevich, and Paul Debreczeny. The Captains Daughter and Other Stories. London David Campbell, 1992. Print.Rice, Tamara Talbot. Elizabeth, Empress of Russia. New York Praeger, 1970. Print.