Poor Liza Character in 20th Century Russian Literature Essay

It is no accident that the trace that is attributed to the heroine in a number of Russian novels of the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries is instituted after some derivation of the name Elizabeth. Karamzin is the first to revere this name in his work short liza and it is this work that sets off a chain reaction that causes the occurrence of subsequent reference points in Russian literature. This character can particularly be found in works such as Pushkins Queen of Spades, Griboyedovs suffering from Wit, and tied(p) briefly in Gogols Dead Souls. At the duration that Karamzin published paltry liza, Russia had recently seen the harness of Queen Elizabeth I (1741-1761) who sportsmaned a great role in shaping Russias indistinguishability and culture. Through a c have reading of those Russian texts which include the Elizabeth character, an understanding of this names diachronic role in Russian literature can be achieved and its parallels to the monarch that this name evo kes. Before touch the liza name in the Russian texts, it is important to better understand the character traits and lives of the empresses after whom this name takes.The more significant of these world Queen Elizabeth of Russia as it was non long after her reign that Karamzin wrote Poor liza. Elizabeth was born to Peter I of Russia and Catherine I of Russia however due to the fact that her p atomic number 18nts marriage was not publicly acknowledged at the time of her birth, this would be a detail used to challenge her legitimacy to the commode by political opp mavennts (Antonov, 104).In her outward appearance, Elizabeth delighted everyone, with her unneededordinary beauty and vivacity. She was commonly known as the leadership beauty of the Russian Empire (Antonov, 104). Politically, Elizabeth was seen as the heroine of the Russian cause as was attributed to her, steady appreciation of Russian interests, and her determination to promote them at all hazards (Rice, pg 121). Russ ia under Elizabeths rule reasserted her power over outside repression as the country had been under direction of a number of German favorites and pressure from the West.It was upon her coronation that a royal decree was issued stating, the Russian people have been groaning under the enemies of the Christian faith, but she has delivered them from the degrading un want oppression (Antonov, 109). Elizabeth is sympatheticly remembered for championing the arts and scholarship through the vast mutantding she poured into projects such as the capital of the Russian Federation State University, the Winter Palace, and the Imperial Academy of Arts (Antonov, 106). The image of Elizabeth is also assorted by her slurred devotion to religion in that she disengaged many of the legislations that her father had done to limit the power of the church (Rice 149). In many ways, Elizabeth I becomes the perfect root from which the image of the heroic Russian woman springs from as is later manifest ed in Russian Literature following her reign. The first time that Russian is introduced to the liza character is in Karamzins Poor Liza which was published in 1792, following Elizabeth Is rule.The main heroine, Lizas, characteristics can be attributed to those of Elizabeth herself. The first of these similarities can be found in both of the females fathers. Lizas father is described as, a rather well-to-do settler, for he loved work, work the land well (Karamzin, 80). The hardworking nature of the father can also be seen in the traits of Elizabeth Is father, Peter the Great whos restless work made Russia into an empire. However the greater proportion lies in the negative effects caused by each of the womens fathers expirations. In Poor Liza, soon after Lizas fathers death, his wife and daughter grew poorand they were strained to rent out their land for a pittance sum (Karamzin, 80). Similarly, after the death of Peter I, no royal court or noble digest in Europe could allow a so n to impart court to Elizabeth, as it would be seen as an unfriendly act to the Empress Anna (Coughlan, 59).The lowering of stature for both Liza and Elizabeth made it difficult for both to find a fitting preserve. In Lizas case, lest she ends up marrying someone she does not love. When Erast and Liza are discussing the marriage arrangements that are being made for her to be married to a peasant boy and Erast asks if she would marry him instead, she says to him, but you can never be my husband I am a peasant girl (Karamzin, 87). Since Elizabeth I was shunned from the royal courts after her fathers death and at the same time she could not marry below her so as not to lose the royal title, the empress died unmarried, as did Liza. However, this is not the only shared experience of the Russian heroines. Another parallel in the midst of the empress and Karamzins peasant girl can be found in their educational background. For a queen, Elizabeth I was considered lacking of the solid e ducation needed for her role.This could just aboutly be blamed on Peter Is focus on state affairs and her becomes illiterateness and laissez-affair approach to her daughters studies (Antonov, 104). A comparable trait can be drawn in Liza, specifically when she is saying good-bye to Erast and she says, Oh Why do I not know how to read or write (Karamzin, 89). And so, both women were uneducated for the role they had come to fill, a ruler and a worried-sick lover. Taking a closer look at Elizabeths and Lizas personalities it becomes evident that they share commonalities. For instance, when Karamzin first introduces his Liza character, he says that, to soothe her mother she tried to hide the grief in her partiality and appear at ease and gay (Karamzin 81). This quirkiness can be also found in Elizabeth I as she was well known for her pleasure and playfulness as was evidences by the cross-dressing balls that she held at her court (Rice 136). Another poser of their similar charact ers can be found in the virginal beauty and pious image created by both.Karamzin describes Liza as being a rare beauty (Karamzin, 80) and Elizabeth in her youth was as already mentioned the premier beauty of Russia in her day. It is also important to note the pureness in the aura created by Liza as she is sound by the trivialities of high- order of magnitude. The color white can be found in a number of images in company with Liza, the first being the lilies of the valley which Liza sells at the market in capital of the Russian Federation (Karamzin, 81). These flowers are typically small and white in nature and by Christian are attributed to the tears of the perfect(a) Mary during the crucifixion of Christ, thus by having Liza the vendor of such flowers, she is placed into a solid and holy light (Krymow, 18).Another place in which the color white and purity is shown in connection to Liza is when Erast visits her home and says, I am very tired. Would you have any fresh milk? (Kara mzin 82). Liza, ran to the cellar, brought back a clean earthenware pot, washed it and dried it with a white towel, poured and handed the glass through the windowpane (Karamzin 82). redden when Liza falls in love she is described as having a , pure, and open heart (Karamzin, 85) and there are more images of purity and whiteness as is seen when the two lovers meet at wickedness and, they embrace but chaste, shy Cynthia did not hide from them behind a cloud their embraces were pure and sinless. (Karamzin, 86).Karamzin also describes Liza through Erasts eyes as a shepherdess, again evoking an image of purity (Karamzin, 86). Even when Liza gives up her virginity to Erast, Karamzin still evokes images of purity when he says, like a lamb she submitted to his will in everything (Karamzin, 89). These holy referents in Karamzins Poor Liza, create a sacred image out of the Liza character which is similar to the character traits of Elizabeth I. Part of the reason that the empress Elizabeth b uilt so many churches was that at one point she was considering becoming a nun. For this reason The Convent was built and erected by her order (Bain, 138).She is also attributed to building the most number of churches as compared to any other Russian monarch, the most famous being the Smolny Catherdral (Bain, 138).In her religious devotion, and her unmarried life lie some of the stronger parallels to Karamzins Liza character from which the spring the lineage of the Liza characters. sideline Poor Liza, other writers also began evoking the image of Elizabeth I in their writing. The next one being Griboyedovs in his Lizzie character in Woe from Wit. Again the Liza character, in this case being Lizzie, is painted as a picture of pure virginal beauty. Lizzies outer appearance is described by Molchalin Theres one thing Im thinking ofThese cheeks, these veins and allHave not yet seen the flush of love. (Griboyedov, IV.xii.4-6)In the last line, Mochalin especially points out the paleness o f her skin which shows her virginity. Another relation between Elizabeth I Liza, and Lizzie, is that they all reject or lovers who clan higher or equal to them. Lizzie for example pushes away Molchalin when he tries to embrace her (Griboyedov, IV.xii.51-52) and instead loves someone of lower or equal rank So strange these people seem to beShe craves for him, he craves for me,And Im the only one whos scared of love,Barman Petrusha, my sweetlyest dove. (Griboyedov, I.xiv.4-6)Lizzie also rejects Famusov when he corners her in the hall and embraces. She is stern with him and shows little interest, despite his rank Its you whos frivolous, let go, will you?Compose yourself, old man.This is corresponds with the relationship dynamics of Elizabeth I in that she was once betrothed to Prince Karl Augustus but he died before they could be married(Coughlan, 23). Instead of seeking a husband of equal stature, which proved difficult because she was not welcome in noble circles she pursued lover s in the legions and service, eventually settling on a Ukrainian peasant in a church choir by the name Alexis Razumovsky (Coughlan, 59). Yet there are more similarities that can be traced between Elizabeth and Lizzies characters.Elizabeth Is rule was marked by the extravagant balls and events who would throw. On average, her weekly balls would host close to 800 guests and she would also often throw smaller parties for her court members (Rice, 135). Lizzie, like Elizabeth, also enjoys a celebrations and parties. For this reason when she is tell with Sofia she reminds her, the holiday is coming Time for fun (Griboyedov, I.v.1). Lizzie is referring to the get together that will happen in the play as it will give her a chance to see her beloved Petrushka. Following Lizzies character, the Liza image carried over next to Pushkins work, Queen of Spades.The Lizaveta character in Queen of Spades is reminiscent of the green Elizabeth I who was unpopular at the royal court. Lizaveta is fi rst described to the reader as the martyr of the house as she was always being scolded and blamed for everything (Pushkin, 348). This again evokes the saintly images created by Karamzin and Griboyedov. Particularly similar to the young person queen is Lisaveta in the following passage She had a fixed salary, but it was never paid in full at the same time she was judge to dress like everyone else, that is, like the few. In smart set she played the most pitiable role. Everybody knew her, but nobody took any notice of her at the balls she danced only when an extra partner was needed for a vis--vis. (Pushkin, 349) This image is similar to that of Elizabeth in that she had royal blood and for this reason was expected to dress and act a certain way however she was not accepted by the society she was a part of. In addition to the way in which the young Elizabeth fit into society, Lisaveta is also similar to Elizabeth in her later age.When Elizabeth I was growing old she began having com plications with her health that caused dizzy spells. She grew increasingly depressed and disallowed the banter death to be spoken in her presence (Antonov, 109). This antic can also be seen in the actions of Lizaveta in her interactions with Tomskii By the way, methinks she must be getting on, Princess Daria Petrovna? What do you mean getting on? Tomskii answered absentmindedly. Shes been dead for these seven geezerhood. The young lady raised her head and signaled to him. He remembered the old Countess was never apprised of the death of any of her contemporaries, and he bit his lip. (Pushkin, 345). In this instance the image of Elizabeth I gets somewhat puddle since it is unclear whether the countess disallows the subject of death to be brought up in front of her or if it is Lisaveta who does not like the idea.The old Countess herself mirrors Elizabeth I in that she cares a great deal about her outer appearance as the countess dressed in a fashion, strictly following the fashio ns of the 1770s, spending just as much time on and paying just as much attention to, her toilette as she had sixty years before (Pushking, 345). In similar fashion, Elizabeth I in her older age, had a monstrous collection of clothing, having owned 15,000 dresses and would change outfits two to six times a day (sAntonov, 107). Like the young Elizabeth and Lisaveta, the countess did not quite a fit into the society she was a part of, she participated in all the trivial events of high society life, force herself to balls, where she would sit in a corner, the guests, as they arrived, would go up to her bowing lowbut afterwards would pay no attention to her (Pushikin, 348).If the relationship between Lisaveta and the Countess is pass on explored their dynamic can be seen as the countess being an old Elizabeth I and Lisaveta being the young Elizabeth I. Pushkin plays tricks on the reader with the images of Lisaveta and the countess. maybe the most middleman example of this is that when Hermann is leaving the old Countesss house and he, pressed her cold, unresponsive hand, kissed her bowed head, and went out (Pushkin, 362). It is not transparent here whether Hermann had just kissed the Lisaveta or the dead countess, which could be done by Pushkin on purpose. Perhaps the reason for the two Elizabeth-like characters is so that the old one can have the young one parry marrying a person of above or of her own class and instead marry down. This is because the marriage of the countess is what brings the countess the ill-fated secret she has to keep since the old count refused to pay her debts and she had to seek outside help(Pushkin, 342).For this reason, when the apparition of the old countess comes to Hermann, she tells him, I will forgive you my death under the condition that you marry my ward, Lizaveta Ivanovna (Pushkin, 365) and so the Elizabeth I image is throw away forth by Lizaveta. The final image of the Liza character appears in Gogols Dead Souls, in th e form of Manilovs wife Lizenka. Here the Elizabeth character is portrayed in a sickeningly sweet form. The relationship between Manilov and his wife are described as constantly feeding one another(prenominal) little tid-bits and candies. In the Lizenka character, Gogol is ultimately poking fun at the romanticist nature of the Liza character which can be contrived from Elizabeth Is own character.Gogol does not take Karmzins sentimentalist writing as true literature and for this reason names Karamzin in the following instance Nor were his colleauges a wit inferior to him in enlightenment. For instance, one of them made regular practice of reading Karamzin, another of conning the Moscow Gazette, and the third of never looking at a book at all. (Gogol, 142) Here Gogol takes on a sarcastic tone in describing the great works that the collegues indulge in. For this reason, Gogol choice of the diminutive form of Elizabeth, Lizenka is further support that her character her sweetie pie char acter is a parody to Karamzins Liza.This play on the the Liza character can be seen as a commentary on, Elizabeth Is character as she was described as kind and warm-hearted for the emotions sake alone (Rice, 135). Gogol sees this type of personality as unintelligent and makes fun of Lizenkas schooling which is somewhat similar to Elizabeth Is in that Lizenka only learned French, the piano, and housewifery (Gogol, 22). However, unheeding of her schooling, Lizenka through her relationship with Manilov is in charge of the souls which is perhaps a view he takes on Elizabeth Is rule of the Russian people.By tracing the character traits and life events of Elizabeth I of Russia in Russian Literature following her rule, the emergence of the heroine Liza becomes evident. Beginning with Karamzin who evokes many of the holy and pure images that surround Elizabeth Is and as well as Gribodev who shows the virginal beauty of the empress in his writing. Their literature is then followed by Pushki n, who focuses more on the outcast member of society that Elizabeth I was growing up under her full cousin Annes rule. And so the Liza character, heroine of Russian literature is created in celebration to Elizabeth I only to be ridiculed by Gogol in his brief apostrophes to Karamzins original work. So Lizas character becomes an mystery in Russian literature history in that it is unclear whether her name is ultimately venerated or ridiculed in the minds of the readers of these great works.Works CitedAntonov, B. I., and Kenneth MacInnes. Russian Tsars the Rurikids, the Romanovs. St. Petersburg Ivan Fedorov, 2005. Print.Coughlan, Robert. Elizabeth and Catherine Empresses of All the Russias. London Macdonald and Janes, 1975. Print.Gogol, Nikola Vasilevich, Constance Garnett, and Clifford Odets. Dead Souls. New York Modern Library, 1936. Print.Griboyedov, Aleksandr Sergeyevich. Aleksandr Griboedovs Woe from Wit A Commentary and Translation. Lewiston, NY Edwin Mellen, 2005. Print.Karamz in, Nikola Mikhalovich, and Henry M. Nebel. Selected Prose of N.M. Karamzin. Evanston Northwestern UP, 1969. Print.Krymow, Vincenzina. Marys Flowers Gardens, Legends & Meditations. Cincinnati, OH St. Anthony Messenger, 1999. Print.Pushkin, Aleksandr Sergeevich, and Paul Debreczeny. The Captains Daughter and Other Stories. London David Campbell, 1992. Print.Rice, Tamara Talbot. Elizabeth, Empress of Russia. New York Praeger, 1970. Print.