Friday, May 15, 2020
The Subordinate Clause French Grammar Glossary
A subordinate clause, or proposition subordonnà ©e,à does not express a complete idea and cannot stand alone. It must occur in a sentence with the main clause and may be introduced by a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun. The main clause expresses a complete idea and could normally stand alone (as an independent clause) if it werent for the subordinate clause dependent on it. The subordinate clause is in brackets in the following examples: Jai dit [que jaime] les pommes.I said [that I like] apples.Il a rà ©ussi [parce quil a beaucoup travaillà ©].He succeeded [because he worked a lot].Lhomme [dont je parle habite ici].The man [that Im talking about] lives here. A subordinate clause, also known as uneà proposition dà ©pendante, or a dependent clause, is one of three types of clauses in French, each of which contains a subject and a verb: the independent clause, the main clause, and the subordinate clause.à Subordinating conjunctionsà join dependent clauses to main clauses, as opposed to coordinating conjunctions, whichà join words and groups of words of an equal value. Coordinating:à Jaime les pommesà età les oranges. à I like applesà andà oranges.Subordinating:à Jai dità queà jaime les pommes. à I saidà thatà I like apples. Subordinating Conjunctions A subordinateà clause cannot stand alone because its meaning is incomplete without the main clause. In addition, sometimes the dependent clause has a verb form that cannot stand alone. These are some frequently used French subordinating conjunctions that link the subordinate clause with the main clause: commeà à as, sincelorsqueà à whenpuisqueà à since, as quandà à whenqueà à thatquoique*à à even thoughsià à if *Quoiqueà must be followed by theà subjunctive. à à Commeà tu nes pas prà ªt, jy irai seul.à à à Sinceà youre not ready, Ill go alone. à à Sià je suis libre, je tamà ¨nerai à laà ©roport.à à à Ifà Im free, Ill take you to the airport. à à Jai peurà quandà il voyage.à à à Im afraidà whenà he travels. Conjunctive Phrases There are also widely usedà conjunctive phrasesà that function as subordinating conjunctions. Some of these take a subjunctive verb and some also require theà ne explà ©tif, the somewhat literary non-negative ne (without pas). à condition que*à à provided thatafin que*à à so thatainsi queà à just as, so asalors queà à while, whereasà mesure queà à as (progressively)à moins que**à à unlessaprà ¨s queà à after, when à supposer que*à à assuming thatau cas oà ¹Ã à in caseaussità ´t queà à as soon asavant que**à à beforebien que*à à althoughdans lhypothà ¨se oà ¹Ã à in the event thatde crainte que**à à for fear thatde faà §on que*à à in such a way thatde manià ¨re que*à à so thatde mà ªme queà à just asde peur que**à for fear thatdepuis queà à sincede sorte que*à à so that, in such a way thatdà ¨s queà à as soon asen admettant que*à à assuming thaten attendant que*à à while, untilencore que*à à even thoughjusquà ce que*à à untilparce queà à becausependant queà à whilepour que*à à so thatpourvu que*à à provided thatquand bien mà ªmeà à even though/ifquoi que*à à whatever, no matter whatsans que**à à withoutsità ´t queà à as soon assupposà © que*à à supposingtandis queà à while, whereastant queà à à as long asvu queà à seeing as/that *These conjunctions must be followed by theà subjunctive, which is only found in subordinate clauses.**These conjunctions require theà subjunctiveà plusà ne explà ©tif. à à à Il travailleà pour queà vous puissiez manger.à à à He worksà so thatà you can eat. à à à Jai rà ©ussi à lexamenà bien queà je naie pas à ©tudià ©.à à à I passed the testà even thoughà I didnt study.à à à Il est partià parce quil avait peur.à à à He leftà becauseà he was afraid. à à Jà ©vite quil ne dà ©couvre la raison.à à à Im avoiding his discovering the reason. Relative Pronouns Aà French relative pronoun can also link a subordinate (dependent) clauseà to aà main clause. Frenchà relative pronouns may replace a subject, direct object, indirect object or preposition.à They include, depending on context,à que,à qui,à lequel,à dontà andà oà ¹Ã and generally translate into English as who, whom, that, which, whose, where, or when. Butà truth be told, there are no exact equivalents for these terms; see the table below for possible translations, according to part of speech. It is important to know that in French, relative pronouns areà required, whereas, in English, they are sometimes optional and might be deleted if the sentence is clear without them. Functions and Meanings of Relative Pronouns Pronoun Function(s) Possible Translations Qui SubjectIndirect object (person) who, whatwhich, that, whom Que Direct object whom, what, which, that Lequel Indirect object (thing) what, which, that Dont Object of deIndicates possession of which, from which, thatwhose O Indicates place or time when, where, which, that Additional Resourcesà Subordinating conjunctionsRelative pronounsClausePronounSi clauseConjunctionMain clauseRelative clause
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